Abstract
Ethylene glycol with nanoparticles behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid and its rheology can be best described by the power-law rheological model. Further, hybrid nanoparticles are responsible for anti-oxidation, anti-evaporation, and anti-aging. Therefore, their dispersion in ethylene glycol is considered as these properties make the nanofluid stable. This article examines the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on the thermal enhancement of ethylene glycol as it is a worldwide used coolant. Moreover, simultaneous effects of temperature and concentration gradients, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, thermal radiations, and Bouncy forces are modeled and models are solved numerically using the finite element method (FEM). An increase in temperature due to composition gradient and an increase in concentration due to temperature gradient are observed. A significant increase in the Ohmic phenomenon with an increase in the intensity of the magnetic field is observed. The thermal performance of ethylene glycol is much improved due to simultaneous dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles relative to the thermal performance of ethylene glycol with mono nanoparticles only.
Highlights
The simultaneous dispersion of
and
in ethylene glycol is recommended to improve and optimize its thermal conductivity. Hence,
and
-ethylene glycol is a better coolant.
The use of the Newtonian rheological model for ethylene glycol (when nanoparticles are dispersed in it) is an appropriate model. Therefore, to capture accurate information from numerical/theoretical analysis, the power-law constitutive model is suggested as it is an appropriate model and that is why is used in this study.
-ethylene glycol is more heat generative than
-ethylene glycol. This is the draw back with
-
-ethylene glycol when it is used as an engine coolant. The property of
-
-ethylene glycol to generate heat may cause over heating in the engine en used as a coolant. Thus, it is recommended to use non-heat generating fluids as base fluids.