Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

H. Agakishiev; M. M. Aggarwal; Z. Ahammed; A. V. Alakhverdyants; I. Alekseev; J. Alford; B. D. Anderson; C. D. Anson; D. Arkhipkin; G. S. Averichev; J. Balewski; D. R. Beavis; N. K. Behera; R. Bellwied; M. J. Betancourt; R. R. Betts; A. Bhasin; A. K. Bhati; H. Bichsel; J. Bielcik; J. Bielcikova; B. Biritz; L. C. Bland; I. G. Bordyuzhin; W. Borowski; J. Bouchet; E. Braidot; A. V. Brandin; A. Bridgeman; S. G. Brovko; E. Bruna; S. Bueltmann; I. Bunzarov; T. P. Burton; X. Z. Cai; H. Caines; M. Calderon; D. Cebra; R. Cendejas; M. C. Cervantes; Z. Chajecki; P. Chaloupka; S. Chattopadhyay; H. F. Chen; J. H. Chen; J. Y. Chen; L. Chen; J. Cheng; M. Cherney; A. Chikanian; K. E. Choi; W. Christie; P. Chung; M. J. M. Codrington; R. Corliss; J. G. Cramer; H. J. Crawford; A. Davila Leyva; L. C. De Silva; R. R. Debbe; T. G. Dedovich; A. A. Derevschikov; R. Derradi de Souza; L. Didenko; P. Djawotho; S. M. Dogra; X. Dong; J. L. Drachenberg; J. E. Draper; C. Dunlop; L. G. Efimov; M. Elnimr; J. Engelage; G. Eppley; M. Estienne; L. Eun; O. Evdokimov; R. Fatemi; J. Fedorisin; R. G. Fersch; P. Filip; E. Finch; V. Fine; Y. Fisyak; C. A. Gagliardi; D. R. Gangadharan; F. Geurts; P. Ghosh; Y. N. Gorbunov; A. Gordon; O. G. Grebenyuk; D. Grosnick; S. M. Guertin; A. Gupta; S. Gupta; W. Guryn; B. Haag; O. Hajkova; A. Hamed; L-X. Han; J. W. Harris; J. P. Hays-Wehle; M. Heinz; S. Heppelmann; A. Hirsch; E. Hjort; G. W. Hoffmann; D. J. Hofman; B. Huang; H. Z. Huang; T. J. Humanic; L. Huo; G. Igo; P. Jacobs; W. Jacobs; C. Jena; F. Jin; J. Joseph; E. G. Judd; S. Kabana; K. Kang; J. Kapitan; K. Kauder; H. W. Ke; D. Keane; A. Kechechyan; D. Kettler; D. P. Kikola; J. Kiryluk; A. Kisiel; V. Kizka; S. R. Klein; A. G. Knospe; D. D. Koetke; T. Kollegger; J. Konzer; I. Koralt; L. Koroleva; W. Korsch; L. Kotchenda; V. Kouchpil; P. Kravtsov; K. Krueger; M. Krus; L. Kumar; P. Kurnadi; M. A. C. Lamont; J. M. Landgraf; S. LaPointe; J. Lauret; A. Lebedev; R. Lednicky; J. H. Lee; W. Leight; M. J. LeVine; C. Li; L. Li; N. Li; W. Li; X. Li; Y. Li; Z. M. Li; M. A. Lisa; F. Liu; H. Liu; J. Liu; T. Ljubicic; W. J. Llope; R. S. Longacre; W. A. Love; Y. Lu; E. V. Lukashov; X. Luo; G. L. Ma; Y. G. Ma; D. P. Mahapatra; R. Majka; O. I. Mall; R. Manweiler; S. Margetis; C. Markert; H. Masui; H. S. Matis; Yu A. Matulenko; D. McDonald; T. S. McShane; A. Meschanin; R. Milner; N. G. Minaev; S. Mioduszewski; M. K. Mitrovski; Y. Mohammed; B. Mohanty; M. M. Mondal; B. Morozov; D. A. Morozov; M. G. Munhoz; M. K. Mustafa; M. Naglis; B. K. Nandi; T. K. Nayak; P. K. Netrakanti; L. V. Nogach; S. B. Nurushev; G. Odyniec; A. Ogawa; K. Oh; A. Ohlson; V. Okorokov; E. W. Oldag; D. Olson; M. Pachr; B. S. Page; S. K. Pal; Y. Pandit; Y. Panebratsev; T. Pawlak; H. Pei; T. Peitzmann; C. Perkins; W. Peryt; P. Pile; M. Planinic; M. A. Ploskon; J. Pluta; D. Plyku; N. Poljak; J. Porter; A. M. Poskanzer; B. V. K. S. Potukuchi; C. B. Powell; D. Prindle; C. Pruneau; N. K. Pruthi; P. R. Pujahari; J. Putschke; H. Qiu; R. Raniwala; S. Raniwala; R. L. Ray; R. Redwine; R. Reed; H. G. Ritter; J. B. Roberts; O. V. Rogachevskiy; J. L. Romero; L. Ruan; J. Rusnak; N. R. Sahoo; I. Sakrejda; S. Salur; J. Sandweiss; E. Sangaline; A. Sarkar; J. Schambach; R. P. Scharenberg; A. M. Schmah; N. Schmitz; T. R. Schuster; J. Seele; J. Seger; I. Selyuzhenkov; P. Seyboth; N. Shah; E. Shahaliev; M. Shao; M. Sharma; S. S. Shi; Q. Y. Shou; E. P. Sichtermann; F. Simon; R. N. Singaraju; M. J. Skoby; N. Smirnov; D. Solanki; P. Sorensen; H. M. Spinka; B. Srivastava; T. D. S. Stanislaus; D. Staszak; S. G. Steadman; J. R. Stevens; R. Stock; M. Strikhanov; B. Stringfellow; A. A. P. Suaide; M. C. Suarez; N. L. Subba; M. Sumbera; X. M. Sun; Y. Sun; Z. Sun; B. Surrow; D. N. Svirida; T. J. M. Symons; A. Szanto de Toledo; J. Takahashi; A. H. Tang; Z. Tang; L. H. Tarini; T. Tarnowsky; D. Thein; J. H. Thomas; J. Tian; A. R. Timmins; D. Tlusty; M. Tokarev; T. A. Trainor; S. Trentalange; R. E. Tribble; P. Tribedy; O. D. Tsai; T. Ullrich; D. G. Underwood; G. Van Buren; G. van Nieuwenhuizen; J. A. Vanfossen; R. Varma; G. M. S. Vasconcelos; A. N. Vasiliev; F. Videbaek; Y. P. Viyogi; S. Vokal; S. A. Voloshin; M. Wada; M. Walker; F. Wang; G. Wang; H. Wang; J. S. Wang; Q. Wang; X. L. Wang; Y. Wang; G. Webb; J. C. Webb; G. D. Westfall; C. Whitten; H. Wieman; S. W. Wissink; R. Witt; W. Witzke; Y. F. Wu; Z. Xiao; W. Xie; H. Xu; N. Xu; Q. H. Xu; W. Xu; Y. Xu; Z. Xu; L. Xue; Y. Yang; P. Yepes; K. Yip; I-K. Yoo; M. Zawisza; H. Zbroszczyk; W. Zhan; J. B. Zhang; S. Zhang; W. M. Zhang; X. P. Zhang; Y. Zhang; Z. P. Zhang; F. Zhao; J. Zhao; C. Zhong; W. Zhou; X. Zhu; Y. H. Zhu; R. Zoulkarneev; Y. Zoulkarneeva; STAR Collaboration

doi:10.1038/nature10079

Back

Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

Journal article

Peer reviewed

Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

H. Agakishiev, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. V. Alakhverdyants, I. Alekseev, J. Alford, B. D. Anderson, C. D. Anson, D. Arkhipkin, G. S. Averichev, …

Nature (London), Vol.473(7347), pp.353-356

19/05/2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10079

PMID: 21516103

Abstract

Multidisciplinary Sciences

Science & Technology

Science & Technology - Other Topics

High-energy nuclear collisions create an energy density similar to that of the Universe microseconds after the Big Bang(1); in both cases, matter and antimatter are formed with comparable abundance. However, the relatively short-lived expansion in nuclear collisions allows antimatter to decouple quickly from matter, and avoid annihilation. Thus, a high-energy accelerator of heavy nuclei provides an efficient means of producing and studying antimatter. The antimatter helium-4 nucleus ((4)(He) over bar), also known as the anti-alpha ((alpha) over bar), consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons (baryon number B = -4). It has not been observed previously, although the alpha-particle was identified a century ago by Rutherford and is present in cosmic radiation at the ten per cent level(2). Antimatter nuclei with B -1 have been observed only as rare products of interactions at particle accelerators, where the rate of antinucleus production in high-energy collisions decreases by a factor of about 1,000 with each additional antinucleon(3-5). Here we report the observation of (4)<(He) over bar, the heaviest observed antinucleus to date. In total, 18 (4)(He) over bar counts were detected at the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC; ref. 6) in 10(9) recorded gold-on-gold (Au+Au) collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 200 GeV and 62 GeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. The yield is consistent with expectations from thermodynamic(7) and coalescent nucleosynthesis(8) models, providing an indication of the production rate of even heavier antimatter nuclei and a benchmark for possible future observations of (4)(He) over bar in cosmic radiation.

Metrics

1 Record Views

See more details

Details

Title: Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus
Creators - without role: H. Agakishiev - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
M. M. Aggarwal - Panjab University
Z. Ahammed - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. V. Alakhverdyants - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
I. Alekseev - Alikhanov Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117218, Russia
J. Alford - Kent State University
B. D. Anderson - Kent State University
C. D. Anson - The Ohio State University
D. Arkhipkin - Brookhaven National Laboratory
G. S. Averichev - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. Balewski - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
D. R. Beavis - University of Houston
N. K. Behera - University of Illinois at Chicago
R. Bellwied - University of Jammu
M. J. Betancourt - University of Washington
R. R. Betts - Czech Technical University in Prague
A. Bhasin - Czech Academy of Sciences
A. K. Bhati - University of California, Los Angeles
H. Bichsel - University of Washington
J. Bielcik - Utrecht University
J. Bielcikova - Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
B. Biritz - Old Dominion University
L. C. Bland - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
I. G. Bordyuzhin - Goethe University Frankfurt
W. Borowski - Institute of Physics
J. Bouchet - Argonne National Laboratory
E. Braidot - Panjab University
A. V. Brandin - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
A. Bridgeman - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
S. G. Brovko - Panjab University
E. Bruna - University of California, Davis
S. Bueltmann - Yale University
I. Bunzarov - Old Dominion University
T. P. Burton - Chinese Academy of Sciences
X. Z. Cai - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
H. Caines - University of New Haven
M. Calderon - Max Planck Society
D. Cebra - Chinese Academy of Sciences
R. Cendejas - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. C. Cervantes - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Z. Chajecki - Max Planck Society
P. Chaloupka - Nucl Phys Inst AS CR, Rez 25068, Czech Republic
S. Chattopadhyay - Texas A&M University
H. F. Chen - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
J. H. Chen - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
J. Y. Chen - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
L. Chen - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
J. Cheng - University of Science and Technology of China
M. Cherney - Kent State University
A. Chikanian - Kent State University
K. E. Choi - Central China Normal University
W. Christie - Max Planck Society
P. Chung - University of California, Davis
M. J. M. Codrington - Old Dominion University
R. Corliss - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. G. Cramer - University of Washington
H. J. Crawford
A. Davila Leyva - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
L. C. De Silva - Tsinghua University
R. R. Debbe - Goethe University Frankfurt
T. G. Dedovich - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
A. A. Derevschikov - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
R. Derradi de Souza - Univ Estadual Campinas, BR-13083859 Sao Paulo, Brazil
L. Didenko - Chinese Academy of Sciences
P. Djawotho - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
S. M. Dogra - Creighton University
X. Dong - Pusan National University
J. L. Drachenberg - United States Naval Academy
J. E. Draper - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
C. Dunlop - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
L. G. Efimov - Indiana University
M. Elnimr - Pusan National University
J. Engelage
G. Eppley - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
M. Estienne - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
L. Eun - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
O. Evdokimov - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
R. Fatemi - University of Kentucky
J. Fedorisin - University of California, Berkeley
R. G. Fersch - Old Dominion University
P. Filip - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
E. Finch - Warsaw University of Technology
V. Fine - Warsaw University of Technology
Y. Fisyak - Warsaw University of Technology
C. A. Gagliardi - The University of Texas at Austin
D. R. Gangadharan - University of California, Davis
F. Geurts - Chinese Academy of Sciences
P. Ghosh - Indiana University
Y. N. Gorbunov - Creighton University
A. Gordon - Institute of Physics
O. G. Grebenyuk - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
D. Grosnick - Valparaiso University
S. M. Guertin - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Gupta - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
S. Gupta - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
W. Guryn - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
B. Haag - Chinese Academy of Sciences
O. Hajkova - Czech Tech Univ, FNSPE, Prague 11519, Czech Republic
A. Hamed - Warsaw University of Technology
L-X. Han - Warsaw University of Technology
J. W. Harris - University of New Haven
J. P. Hays-Wehle - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
M. Heinz - University of New Haven
S. Heppelmann - Pennsylvania State University
A. Hirsch - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
E. Hjort - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
G. W. Hoffmann - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
D. J. Hofman - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
B. Huang - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
H. Z. Huang - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
T. J. Humanic - The Ohio State University
L. Huo - Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA
G. Igo - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
P. Jacobs - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
W. Jacobs - Indiana University Bloomington
C. Jena - Inst Phys, Bhubaneswar 751005, Orissa, India
F. Jin - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
J. Joseph - Kent State University
E. G. Judd
S. Kabana - SUBATECH, F-44307 Nantes, France
K. Kang - Tsinghua University
J. Kapitan - Nucl Phys Inst AS CR, Rez 25068, Czech Republic
K. Kauder - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
H. W. Ke - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
D. Keane - Kent State University
A. Kechechyan - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
D. Kettler - University of Washington
D. P. Kikola - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
J. Kiryluk - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Kisiel - Warsaw University of Technology
V. Kizka - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
S. R. Klein - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. G. Knospe - University of New Haven
D. D. Koetke - Valparaiso University
T. Kollegger - Goethe University Frankfurt
J. Konzer - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
I. Koralt - Old Dominion University
L. Koroleva - Alikhanov Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117218, Russia
W. Korsch - University of Kentucky
L. Kotchenda - Moscow Engn Phys Inst, Moscow 115409, Russia
V. Kouchpil - Nucl Phys Inst AS CR, Rez 25068, Czech Republic
P. Kravtsov - Moscow Engn Phys Inst, Moscow 115409, Russia
K. Krueger - Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
M. Krus - Czech Tech Univ, FNSPE, Prague 11519, Czech Republic
L. Kumar - Kent State University
P. Kurnadi - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. A. C. Lamont - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
J. M. Landgraf - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
S. LaPointe - Wayne State University
J. Lauret - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
A. Lebedev - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
R. Lednicky - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
J. H. Lee - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
W. Leight - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
M. J. LeVine - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
C. Li - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
L. Li - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
N. Li - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
W. Li - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
X. Li - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
X. Li - University of Jinan
Y. Li - Tsinghua University
Z. M. Li - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
M. A. Lisa - The Ohio State University
F. Liu - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
H. Liu - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
J. Liu
T. Ljubicic - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
W. J. Llope - Rice University
R. S. Longacre - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
W. A. Love - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
Y. Lu - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
E. V. Lukashov - Moscow Engn Phys Inst, Moscow 115409, Russia
X. Luo - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
G. L. Ma - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
Y. G. Ma - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
D. P. Mahapatra - Inst Phys, Bhubaneswar 751005, Orissa, India
R. Majka - University of New Haven
O. I. Mall - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
R. Manweiler - Valparaiso University
S. Margetis - Kent State University
C. Markert - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
H. Masui - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
H. S. Matis - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Yu A. Matulenko - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
D. McDonald - Rice University
T. S. McShane - Creighton University
A. Meschanin - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
R. Milner - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
N. G. Minaev - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
S. Mioduszewski - Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA
M. K. Mitrovski - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
Y. Mohammed - Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA
B. Mohanty - Cyclotron
M. M. Mondal - Cyclotron
B. Morozov - Alikhanov Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117218, Russia
D. A. Morozov - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
M. G. Munhoz - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil
M. K. Mustafa - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
M. Naglis - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
B. K. Nandi - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
T. K. Nayak - Cyclotron
P. K. Netrakanti - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
L. V. Nogach - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
S. B. Nurushev - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
G. Odyniec - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Ogawa - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
K. Oh - Pusan Natl Univ, Pusan 609735, South Korea
A. Ohlson - University of New Haven
V. Okorokov - Moscow Engn Phys Inst, Moscow 115409, Russia
E. W. Oldag - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
D. Olson - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
M. Pachr - Czech Tech Univ, FNSPE, Prague 11519, Czech Republic
B. S. Page - Indiana University Bloomington
S. K. Pal - Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA
Y. Pandit - Kent State University
Y. Panebratsev - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
T. Pawlak - Warsaw University of Technology
H. Pei - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
T. Peitzmann - National Institute for Subatomic Physics
C. Perkins
W. Peryt - Warsaw University of Technology
P. Pile - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
M. Planinic - University of Zagreb
M. A. Ploskon - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Pluta - Warsaw University of Technology
D. Plyku - Old Dominion University
N. Poljak - University of Zagreb
J. Porter - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. M. Poskanzer - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
B. V. K. S. Potukuchi - University of Jammu
C. B. Powell - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
D. Prindle - University of Washington
C. Pruneau - Wayne State University
N. K. Pruthi - Panjab University
P. R. Pujahari - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
J. Putschke - University of New Haven
H. Qiu - Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
R. Raniwala - University of Rajasthan
S. Raniwala - University of Rajasthan
R. L. Ray - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
R. Redwine - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
R. Reed - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
H. G. Ritter - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. B. Roberts - Rice University
O. V. Rogachevskiy - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
J. L. Romero - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
L. Ruan - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
J. Rusnak - Nucl Phys Inst AS CR, Rez 25068, Czech Republic
N. R. Sahoo - Cyclotron
I. Sakrejda - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
S. Salur - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
J. Sandweiss - University of New Haven
E. Sangaline - Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
A. Sarkar - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
J. Schambach - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
R. P. Scharenberg - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
A. M. Schmah - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
N. Schmitz - Max
T. R. Schuster - Goethe University Frankfurt
J. Seele - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
J. Seger - Creighton University
I. Selyuzhenkov - Indiana University Bloomington
P. Seyboth - Max
N. Shah - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E. Shahaliev - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
M. Shao - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
M. Sharma - Wayne State University
S. S. Shi - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
Q. Y. Shou - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
E. P. Sichtermann - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
F. Simon - Max
R. N. Singaraju - Cyclotron
M. J. Skoby - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
N. Smirnov - University of New Haven
D. Solanki - University of Rajasthan
P. Sorensen - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
H. M. Spinka - Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
B. Srivastava - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
T. D. S. Stanislaus - Valparaiso University
D. Staszak - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. G. Steadman - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
J. R. Stevens - Indiana University Bloomington
R. Stock - Goethe University Frankfurt
M. Strikhanov - Moscow Engn Phys Inst, Moscow 115409, Russia
B. Stringfellow - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
A. A. P. Suaide - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil
M. C. Suarez - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
N. L. Subba - Kent State University
M. Sumbera - Nucl Phys Inst AS CR, Rez 25068, Czech Republic
X. M. Sun - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Y. Sun - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
Z. Sun - Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
B. Surrow - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
D. N. Svirida - Alikhanov Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117218, Russia
T. J. M. Symons - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
A. Szanto de Toledo - Univ Sao Paulo, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil
J. Takahashi - Univ Estadual Campinas, BR-13083859 Sao Paulo, Brazil
A. H. Tang - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
Z. Tang - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
L. H. Tarini - Wayne State University
T. Tarnowsky - Michigan State University
D. Thein - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
J. H. Thomas - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
J. Tian - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
A. R. Timmins - University of Houston
D. Tlusty - Nucl Phys Inst AS CR, Rez 25068, Czech Republic
M. Tokarev - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
T. A. Trainor - University of Washington
S. Trentalange - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. E. Tribble - Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA
P. Tribedy - Cyclotron
O. D. Tsai - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
T. Ullrich - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
D. G. Underwood - Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
G. Van Buren - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
G. van Nieuwenhuizen - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
J. A. Vanfossen - Kent State University
R. Varma - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
G. M. S. Vasconcelos - Univ Estadual Campinas, BR-13083859 Sao Paulo, Brazil
A. N. Vasiliev - Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142281, Russia
F. Videbaek - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
Y. P. Viyogi - Cyclotron
S. Vokal - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
S. A. Voloshin - Wayne State University
M. Wada - Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
M. Walker - MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
F. Wang - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
G. Wang - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
H. Wang - Michigan State University
J. S. Wang - Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
Q. Wang - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
X. L. Wang - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
Y. Wang - Tsinghua University
G. Webb - University of Kentucky
J. C. Webb - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
G. D. Westfall - Michigan State University
C. Whitten - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
H. Wieman - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
S. W. Wissink - Indiana University Bloomington
R. Witt - USN Acad, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA
W. Witzke - University of Kentucky
Y. F. Wu - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
Z. Xiao - Tsinghua University
W. Xie - Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
H. Xu - Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
N. Xu - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
Q. H. Xu - University of Jinan
W. Xu - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Y. Xu - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
Z. Xu - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
L. Xue - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
Y. Yang - Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
Y. Yang - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
P. Yepes - Rice University
K. Yip - Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA
I-K. Yoo - Pusan Natl Univ, Pusan 609735, South Korea
M. Zawisza - Warsaw University of Technology
H. Zbroszczyk - Warsaw University of Technology
W. Zhan - Inst Modern Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China
J. B. Zhang - CCNU HZNU, Inst Particle Phys, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China
S. Zhang - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
W. M. Zhang - Kent State University
X. P. Zhang - Tsinghua University
Y. Zhang - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Z. P. Zhang - Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
F. Zhao - Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J. Zhao - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
C. Zhong - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
W. Zhou - Goethe University Frankfurt
X. Zhu - Tsinghua University
Y. H. Zhu - Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China
R. Zoulkarneev - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
Y. Zoulkarneeva - Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia
STAR Collaboration
Publication Details: Nature (London), Vol.473(7347), pp.353-356
Publisher: Springer Nature
Number of pages: 4
Grant note: Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of Croatia; Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, Republic of Croatia CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences MoST RHIC Operations Group RACF at BNL GA and MSMT of the Czech Republic NERSC Center at LBNL DFG cluster of excellence 'Origin and Structure of the Universe' of Germany; German Research Foundation (DFG) RosAtom of Russia MoE of China; Ministry of Education, China DAE, DST and CSIR of India; Department of Science & Technology (India); Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) FOM and NWO of the Netherlands; FOM (The Netherlands) CNPq of Brazil; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Korea Research Foundation Offices of NP and HEP within the US DOE Office of Science; United States Department of Energy (DOE) Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; Ministry of Education and Science, Russian Federation NNSFC; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Sloan Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation CNRS/IN2P3; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) US NSF; National Science Foundation (NSF) FAPESP; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) Open Science Grid consortium Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland
Identifiers: 9918008108331
Academic Unit: Jazan University; Umm Al Qura University; King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; King Abdulaziz University; King Abdullah University of Science & Technology; Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University; King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article