Abstract
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•A unique formulation of transdermal film was developed as an alternative delivery system for atorvastatin calcium.•High level of oleic acid with low PEG 400 and E-RLPO maximized the ATC permeability.•Relative to other formulations, the transdermal film demonstrated improved absorption without evidence of tissue damage.•The transdermal film outperformed controls with respect to clinical improvements.
To enhance the poor bioavailability and extensive liver metabolism of atorvastatin calcium (ATC), we have developed an oleic acid–reinforced PEGylated polymethacrylate (OLA–PEG–E-RLPO) transdermal film as a convenient and alternative delivery system. The effect of varying levels of Eudragit RLPO, PEG 400, and oleic acid on the target product profile was optimized through Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The ATC–loaded OLA–PEG–E-RLPO transdermal films were evaluated in ex-vivo experiments using full thickness skin, utilizing Franz cell studies, and undergone in-vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) assessment, using poloxamer-induced dyslipidemic Sprague-Dawley rats. At 2 and 12 h, the optimized ATC films with a thickness of 0.79 mm showed permeation of 37.34% and 97.23% into the receptor compartment, respectively. Steady-state flux was 0.172 mg/cm2h, with 7.01 × 10−4 cm/h permeability coefficient, and 0.713 × 10−3 cm2/h diffusion coefficient. In-vivo PK results indicated that the absorption profiles (AUC0-∞) of the optimized film in pre-treated group of animals were 8.6-fold and 2.8-fold greater than controls pre-treated with non-PEGylated non-oleic acid film and orally administered ATC, respectively. PD assessment of the lipid panel indicated that the lipid profile of the optimized film pre-treated group reached normal levels after 12 h, along with the significant enhancement over the non–PEGylated non-oleic acid film and the oral marketed tablet groups. The histopathological findings revealed near-normal hepatocyte structure for the optimized film pre-treated animal group. Our results further indicate that transdermal delivery films based on an optimized ATC–loaded OLA–PEG–E-RLPO were successfully developed and their assessment in both ex-vivo and in-vivo suggests enhanced permeability and improvement in bioavailability and antidyslipidemic activity of ATC. This approach can provide several advantages, especially during chronic administration of ATC, including improvement in patient compliance, therapeutic benefits, bioavailability, and feasibility for commercialization and as a platform for other drug classes.