Abstract
Energy mix optimization is considered an essential tool for assessing the efficacy of renewable energy system (RES). Countless approaches have been employed by grid planning engineers and scientists to optimally size grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. Optimizing grid connected PV systems is beneficial since it causes a reduction in the energy produced by the conventional power plants, and as a result, a reduction in the harmful emissions that are released as byproducts. In this study, a large commercial load in the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia is connected to an optimally designed grid-connected PV systems with the support of a battery storage system (BSS). First, using HOMER software, the system components are chosen by considering the electrical and economic variables. A comparative investigation is carried out for three configuration systems along with the detailed technical study for the proposed systems. Simulation results recommend utilizing a battery system and RES with a minimum cost of energy (COE) of $0.11. Using both HOMER and MATLAB, the PV, converter, and battery system optimal size are estimated by considering the net present cost (NPC), COE, excess electricity and energy savings, emissions, and renewable penetration ratio to find the most economical and environmental-friendly combination. The results show that 1.60 MW is the optimal capacity of each PV, converter, and battery BSS elements to achieve the minimum targeted emission and COE, which resulted in a reduction in the overall NPC of the scheme. When the optimal design is configurated, it is found that the unmet load is zero.(c) 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).