Abstract
Until recently, spectral efficiency (SE) has been considered as the major key performance indicator of cellular networks. Nowadays, green evolution is becoming a major trend and the telecom industry is concerned about the energy costs and carbon footprint of their network infrastructure. These concerns will get more critical in the future due to the increasing base station densities. In such a scenario, minimising the network energy consumption while maximising the data sent to the users becomes crucial for the sustained operation of the network. In this letter, stochastic geometry is used to analyse the energy efficiency (EE) and SE in a two-tier long-term evolution-advanced heterogeneous network (HetNet). Range expansion and further-enhanced inter-cell interference coordination which have been standardised in third generation partnership project Release-11 are considered. System parameters of the HetNet are optimised and the trade-offs associated between EE and SE of the network are studied.