Abstract
Energy saving is one of the most important issues of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that are gaining a lot of attention. In other words, energy modeling plays a greater role in energy optimization that helps designers to produce an economical and practical design of sensor nodes. In this paper, the issue of energy-efficient WSNs design is investigated by focusing on the setting of physical layer parameters. This is achieved by deriving an energy consumption model that considers most of the parameters of the physical layers. The proposed model is validated with real measurements to measure the accuracy of the proposed model. Results show good agreement between proposed model and experimental measurements with mean absolute percentage error less than 6%. The validated model is used to optimize transmitted power and modulation level to achieve minimum energy consumption. Finally, closed-form expressions for optimum transmitted power and modulation level are derived for different modulation schemes.