Abstract
Fuel demand has increased due to motorization and industrial activities. Specially cultivated crops can be used to make biodiesel. However, certain forms of biodiesel create ethical concerns since they are derived from crops utilized as food sources. Biodiesel manufacturing technologies that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly must be continually researched and improved if this biofuel is competitive with petroleum-based fuels while resolving these ethical concerns. Substituting a less expensive oil like waste cooking oil (WCO) for vegetable oil for biodiesel can lower the entire production cost. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil has shown promising results. Generally, an optimal combination of temperature and reaction time is required to develop a biodiesel manufacturing method that is both long-term and cost-effective. One viable alternative is the methanolysis of used cooking oil utilizing fish bone waste as a catalyst. This research focuses on modeling and optimizing temperature and time-dependent characteristics for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using fishbone as a catalyst. The results of the experiments with 6 % catalyst and with a temperature range of 55 degrees C to 65 degrees C and reaction duration between 5 minutes to 120 minutes were utilized to optimize the biodiesel manufacturing process using the response surface methodology (RSM).