Abstract
The primary objective of airport management worldwide is always to make it easier to provide transportation services and minimize latency. This could be accomplished by controlling the movement of travelers through the airport's different checkpoints for passports, baggage handling, customs, and both departure and arrival lobbies. As one of the biggest passenger terminals around the world and among the most attractive destinations for visitors during the Hajj pilgrimage, this paper concentrates on enhancing the movement of travelers in the King Abdulaziz International Airport's pilgrimage station in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several optimization methods are used to better schedule the phases within the airport terminals as well as the assignment of arriving flights to vacant airport portals. These include the differential evolution algorithm (DEA), harmony search algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), and black widow optimization algorithm. The findings demonstrated the potential sites for the development of airport stages, which may assist decision-makers in improving operational efficiency in the future. The simulation results showed that GA was more efficient in most of the experiments than the alternative algorithms for small population sizes in terms of the quality of the solutions obtained and the convergence rates. In contrast, DEA performed better in the larger population sizes. The outcomes also showed that FPA performed better than its rivals in identifying the optimal solution in terms of the overall duration of passenger waiting time.