Abstract
Non-pharmacological approaches for alleviation of pain during orthodontics have been developed as pharmacological interventions may have negative side effects and patients may be reluctant to use them. The more popular non-pharmacological techniques include the use of lasers, vibratory and masticatory adjuncts, and use of psychological and communication-based approaches. The relative merits of these are discussed in the light of contemporary evidence. The effect of pain on compliance is difficult to pinpoint; however, the further refinement of approaches to control orthodontic pain will likely have a positive influence on patient experiences, compliance and ultimately therefore on our treatment outcomes. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.