Abstract
PM2.5 mass concentrations and chemical compositions sampled over a 13-month period at a Central European rural background site (Košetice) are presented in this work. A comprehensive chemical analysis of PM2.5 was performed, which provided elemental composition (Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Pb) and the concentration of water-soluble inorganic anions (SO42−, NO3−. Cl−, NO2−, Br−, and H2PO4−) and cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC), and levoglucosan. Spearman correlation coefficients between individual chemical species and particle number concentrations were calculated for the following six size ranges: 10–25nm (N10–25), 25–50nm (N25–50), 50–80nm (N50–80), 80–150nm (N80–150), 150–300nm (N150–300), and 300–800nm (N300–800).
Average concentrations of individual species were comparable with concentrations reported from similar sites across Central Europe. Organic matter (OM) accounted for 45% of the PM2.5 mass (calculated from OC by a factor of 1.6), while the second most common component were secondary aerosols (SO42−: 19%, NO3−: 14%, NH4+: 10%), which accounted for 43% of the mass. Based on levoglucosan analysis, 31% of OM was attributed to emissions associated with biomass burning (OMBB). EC concentrations, determined using the EUSAAR_2 thermal optical protocol, contributed 4% to PM2.5 mass. A total of 1% of the mass was attributed to a mineral matter source, while the remaining 6% was from an undetermined mass. Seasonal variations showed highest concentrations of NO3− and OMBB in winter, nitrate share in spring, and an increase in percentage of SO42− and mineral matter in summer. The largest seasonal variation was found for species associated with wood and coal combustion (levoglucosan, K+, Zn, Pb, As), which had clear maxima during winter. Correlation analysis of different size fraction particle number concentrations was used to distinguish the influence of fresh, local aerosol and aged, long-range transport aerosol.
The influences of different air masses were also investigated. The lowest concentrations of PM2.5 were recorded under the influence of marine air masses from the NW, which were also marked by increased concentrations of marine aerosol. In contrast, the highest concentrations of PM2.5 and most major chemical components were measured during periods when continental easterly air masses were dominant.
•Strong seasonal variability for wood and coal combustion aerosol.•Organic matter from biomass burning forms 40% of all organic matter in winter.•Local influences resolved using correlations PM2.5 with size-resolved particle number.•Easterly continental air masses exhibit highest PM2.5 loading at the site.