Abstract
Currently, digital images are widely communicated by media using social media applications. The general public captures the digital images for preserving the family and personal memories and to share with their friends and family. Digital images have been used extensively in forensic science to present the digital images as proof in the court and law enforcement agencies, which present a loophole for the culprits to forge the digital image and change the proofs and evidence. Copy-move forgery (CMF) is among the most widely employed image manipulation methods. In this method, the area of the image is duplicated to some other part to modify its content by applying different postprocessing operations on images like blurring, color reduction, and scaling which is a challenging research problem in copy-move forgery detection (CMFD). In this paper, an efficient and effective CMFD method is presented to identify the single and multiple altered areas in an image in the presence of postprocessing operations. The proposed CMFD method divides the image into circular blocks. It computes a rotation-invariant feature vector from each circular block of the image by applying local intensity order pattern (LIOP) features. The computed feature vectors are then compared using Euclidean distance to locate the suspected image's forged areas. The experimental results of the proposed CMFD method are reported on three standard datasets of the CMF, namely, CoMoFoD, KLTCI, and MICC-F220. The experimental analysis of the proposed CMFD method on these datasets indicates that it produces robust performance (detection accuracies of 97.29% on the CoMoFoD dataset, 98.53% on the KLTCI dataset, and 97.57% on the MICC-F220 dataset) as compared with state-of-the-art CMFD methods in terms of the standard performance evaluation parameters of the CMF.