Abstract
Saudi Arabian urban roads and highways have witnessed a large number of traffic crashes. Road lighting is one of the most important factors influencing drivers' safety during the nighttime. Street-lighting design (e.g., spacing and height), visibility (e.g., lane marking and oncoming vehicles), and drivers' satisfaction (e.g., glare effect on eyes and overall ambiance) are primary criteria affecting the performance of an urban street-lighting system (USLS). The present study presents a methodology for the performance appraisal of USLS in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire survey was developed to obtain drivers' opinions on nine sub-criteria (three under each primary criterion). The responses were translated into a five-scale subjective rating system from very low to very high. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) effectively aggregated the statistically diverse (p-value < 0.001) responses obtained on the three primary criteria. The study found that electronic billboards' positioning, oncoming vehicle lights, and poor lighting in the course of bad weather (mainly dust) are mainly affecting the performance of USLS in the view of road users. The performance levels ranged between "medium" and "high", with no criteria or sub-criteria achieving a "very high" level, suggesting a need for upgrades, such as conversion to LED lights and smart lighting control systems. The proposed methodology benefits the transportation ministries to identify lacking components of USLSs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. The methodology provides the opportunity to include additional or site-specific factors for appraising the performance of USLS before (during planning and design) or after the implementation of improvement actions.