Abstract
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are emerging technology for disclosing multiple applications, such as oil, earth quick, and marine environments. All sensor nodes deployed in UWSNs operate through limited power batteries. Prolonging the network's lifetime in such environments is an essential task and a hot topic among researchers. Multiple routing protocols have been designed to overcome the limited power issue and reduce energy consumption. Each routing protocol evaluated different parameters, but the issue is still unclear as to which one is better. In this study, we evaluated multiple routing protocols to investigate which is better in terms of parameters, such as packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and the number of alive nodes. The simulation results indicate that Reliability and Adaptive Cooperation for Efficient UWSNs Using Sink Mobility (RACE-SM) performs better in all performance metrics than other routing schemes.