Abstract
Aims To produce tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NP) with microalga for use in azo dye-polluted wastewater treatment and to optimize the conditions to synthesize as small NPs as possible. Methods and Results The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris mediated NPs were synthesized after an optimization process utilizing the statistical response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized synthesis conditions were 200 W microwave power, 0.5 mM SnCl2 concentration and 200 degrees C calcination temperature. Methyl orange (MO) was studied for its photocatalytic degradation with UV. Antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria was studied using the well diffusion method. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MMT assay with lung cancer cell line A549, and antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging. Following the optimization of their production, the produced crystalline SnO2 NPs were on average 32.2 nm (by XRD) with a hydrodynamic size of 52.5 nm (by LDS). Photocatalytic degradation of MO under UV was nearly complete (94% removal) after 90 min and the particles could be reused for 5 cycles retaining 80% activity. The particles had antibacterial activity towards all five tested bacterial pathogens with the minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 22 to 36 mu g/ml. The minimum bactericidal NP concentration varied between 83 and 136 mu g/ml. Antioxidant activity was concentration dependent. A cytotoxicity was determined towards A549 cells with an LD50 of 188 mu g/ml after 24 h of incubation, a concentration that is much higher than the active concentration for dye removal ranging from 22 to 36 mu g/ml. Conclusions After optimization, SnO2 nanoparticles produced with C. vulgaris displayed high photocatalytic activity at concentrations below their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Significance and Impact of the study The SnO2 nanoparticles produced with the help of microalgae are suitable for the removal of MO dye from wastewater. Further applications of this green technology can be expected.