Abstract
Pathology to vertebrate hosts has emerged repeatedly in the order
Ophiostomatales
. Occasional infections have been observed in
Sporothrix mexicana
at a low level of virulence, while the main pathogenic species cluster in a derived clade around
S. schenckii
s.str. In this paper, phylogeny and epidemiology of the members of this clade were investigated for 99 clinical and 36 environmental strains using four genetic loci, viz. rDNA ITS and partial
CAL
,
TEF1
, and
TEF3
; data are compared with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The four main species of the pathogenic clade were recognised. The species proved to show high degrees of endemicity, which enabled interpretation of literature data where live material or genetic information is lacking. The clade of four species comprised nine subclusters, which often had limited geographic distribution and were separate from each other in all partitions, suggesting low degrees of interbreeding between populations. In contrast,
S. globosa
exhibited consistent global distribution of identical AFLP types, suggesting another type of dispersal.
Sporothrix brasiliensis
is known to be involved in an expanding zoonosis and transmitted by cats, whereas
S. globosa
infections originated from putrid plant material, causing a sapronosis.
Sporothrix schenckii
s.str
.
, the most variable species within the clade, also had a plant origin, with ecological similarities to that of
S. globosa
. A hypothesis was put forward that highly specific conditions in the plant material are required to promote the growth of
Sporothrix
. Fermented, self-heated plant debris may stimulate the thermodependent yeast-like invasive form of the fungus, which facilitates repeated infection of mammals.