Abstract
•CaCl2 induced osmotic, nutritional, and toxic effects in C. tinctorius plants.•Root Mg uptake efficiency was maintained constant in all treatments.•The uptake selectivity of Mg over Ca substantially increased under CaCl2 stress.•Mg use efficiency for chlorophyll synthesis was noticeably enhanced under CaCl2 stress.•CaCl2 salinity was the dominant stress that oriented plant physiological responses.
CaCl2 effects on growth, photosynthesis, and Mg nutrition were investigated in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plants at low and optimal Mg availability. After seed germination on sand, obtained seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions and subjected to 3 treatments for 4 weeks: control (C: 1.5 mM Mg), CaCl2 salinity (S: 40 mM CaCl2), and combined effects of CaCl2 salinity and Mg deficiency (DS: 0.1 mM Mg and 40 mM CaCl2). The application of 40 mM CaCl2 severely affected root, stem, young leaf, and old leaf growth. This was due to a combination of the three types of effects (osmotic, toxic, and nutritional). Indeed, in response to CaCl2 presence under both Mg-sufficient and deficient conditions, photosynthetic activity was reduced by stomatal closure to prevent cell dehydration. As a consequence, plant water status was not severely affected in S treatment and this osmotic effect disappeared under Mg-deficient conditions (DS treatment). Membrane integrity was slightly impaired in both S and DS treatments. Mg and Ca imbalances were also detected although plants exhibited adaptive responses to cope with Mg deficiency coupled or not with excessive Ca accumulation. Treated plants substantially increased Mg/Ca uptake selectivity, which allowed them to maintain Mg uptake efficiency unaffected. They also markedly increased their Mg use efficiency for chlorophyll synthesis. Nevertheless, amongst the three salt effects, nutritional imbalances seem to be the most harmful component. As a whole, the responses of the plant to the combined effects of CaCl2 application and Mg deficiency were dominated by salinity stress responses.