Abstract
Simple Summary The genomic landscape of breast cancer (BC) is complex. Previous research studies have not extensively elucidated the correlation of genotypes and allele variations of the PI3K, AKT-1, KLF-14, MDM4 and miRNAs 27a, miR-196a genes with the predisposition of Breast cancer in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, to cover this area of research, we conducted a case-control study on 230 subjects (115 cases and 115 controls). Genotyping was studied by using the ARMS-PCR and results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The novel and known gene variants were studied by Whole-exome sequencing using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Strong association was reported between the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway genes and KLF 14-AA, MDM4-GA, miR27a-GG and miR-196a-CT gene variants with the breast cancer susceptibility and progression. The results could help to classify and identify those at risk for Breast cancer in the future. WES for provide insight toward disease mechanisms for the development of more effective therapies. Genome-wide association studies have reported link between SNPs and risk of breast cancer. This study investigated the association of the selected gene variants by predicting them as possible target genes. Molecular technique advances with the availability of whole-exome sequencing (WES), now offer opportunities for simultaneous investigations of many genes. The experimental protocol for PI3K, AKT-1, KLF-14, MDM4, miRNAs 27a, and miR-196a genotyping was done by ARMS-PCR and sanger sequencing. The novel and known gene variants were studied by Whole-exome sequencing using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. This case control study reports significant association between BC patients, healthy controls with the polymorphic variants of PI3K C > T, AKT-1 G > A KLF 14 C > T, MDM4 A > G, miR-27a A > G, miR-196a-2 C > T genes (p < 0.05). MDM4 A > G genotypes were strongly associated with BC predisposition with OR 2.08 & 2.15, p < 0.05) in codominant and dominant models respectively. MDM4 A allele show the same effective (OR1.76, p < 0.05) whereas it remains protective in recessive model for BC risk. AKT1G > A genotypes were strongly associated with the BC susceptibility in all genetic models whereas PI3K C > T genotypes were associated with breast cancer predisposition in recessive model OR 6.96. Polymorphic variants of KLF-14 A > G, MDM4G > A, MiR-27aA >G, miR-196a-C > T were strongly associated with stage, tamoxifen treatment. Risk variants have been reported by whole exome sequencing in our BC patients. It was concluded that a strong association between the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway gene variants with the breast cancer susceptibility and progression. Similarly, KLF 14-AA, MDM4-GA, miR27a-GG and miR-196a-CT gene variants were associated with the higher risk probability of BC and were strongly correlated with staging of the BC patients. This study also reported Low, novel, and intermediate-genetic-risk variants of PI3K, AKT-1, MDM4G & KLF-14 by utilizing whole-exome sequencing. These variants should be further investigated in larger cohorts' studies.