Abstract
The alleviative effects of two antioxidants, carnosine (Car) and melatonin (Mel), against titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO
-NPs) toxicity-induced oxidative and inflammatory renal damage were examined in rats. Administration of these antioxidants along with TiO
-NPs effectively reduced serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant amelioration of the decrease in glutathione levels in renal tissue was observed, compared to those in rats treated with TiO
-NPs alone. The renoprotective properties of the antioxidants were confirmed by reduced intensity of renal damage as demonstrated by histological findings. In conclusion, Car and Mel play protective roles against TiO
-NPs-induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury, likely due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.