Abstract
Context: The anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX) may cause multi-organ toxicities, including nephrotoxicity.
Objective: To investigate effects of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR)-alpha and -gamma agonists; fenofibrate (FEN) and pioglitazone (PIO), in MTX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Methods: Rats were given FEN or PIO (150 or 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) orally for 15 days. MTX was injected as a single dose of 20 mg/kg, i.p. at day 11 of experiment, with or without either PPAR agonists.
Results: MTX induced renal toxicity, assessed by increase in serum urea and creatinine as well as histopathological alterations. MTX caused renal oxidative/nitrosative stress, indicated by decrease in GSH and catalase with increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (NOx) levels. In addition, MTX increased renal level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and up-regulated the expression of both the inflammatory and apoptotic markers; NF-kappa B and caspase 3. Pre-administration of FEN or PIO to MTX-treated rats improved renal function and reversed oxidative/nitrosative parameters. Interestingly, pre-administration of PIO, but not FEN, decreased renal TNF-alpha level and NF-kappa B expression compared to MTX alone. Furthermore, PIO had more significant effect than FEN on reversing MTX-induced renal caspase 3 expression.
Discussion: Both FEN and PIO conferred protection against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through comparable amelioration of oxidative/nitrosative stress. FEN lacked any effect on TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B, which was reflected on its less improvement on renal histopathology and apoptosis.
Conclusion: At indicated dosage, PPAR-gamma ligand; PIO shows better improvement of MTX-induced nephrotoxicity compared to PPAR-alpha ligand; FEN due to differential effect on TNF-alpha/NF-kB inflammatory pathway.