Abstract
Purpose of review The objective of this review is to describe the impact of protein intake on the outcomes of critically ill patients in the literature published in the preceding 2 years. Recent findings Observational studies showed inconsistent results regarding the association of higher protein intake and outcomes of critically ill patients. Randomized controlled trials that directly compared higher versus lower protein intake in ICU patients are scarce, varied considerably in their designs and primary outcomes, and generally had relatively small differences in the amount of delivered protein between the study arms. Systematic reviews of existing studies showed no difference in mortality with higher protein intake. In addition, there is uncertainty regarding high protein provision in the early phase of critical illness. The optimal amount of protein intake in critically ill patients remains largely unclear and is considered a high priority for research. Ongoing clinical trials are likely to provide additional evidence on several important questions including the dose, timing, type of protein and the interaction with caloric intake and exercise.