Abstract
Irrigation water scarcity has now become one of the main constraints that influences global crop production. The potential reduction in Egypt’s Nile share and the current degree of deterioration of surface and ground water will certainly increase the severity of the water shortage problem in Egypt. Raised bed planting systems under deficit irrigation could be a partial solution to compensate for the negative effect of water stress on wheat plants. Two field experiments were managed successively in 2016/17 and 2017/18 to study the influence of irrigation water levels at 100% (DI0), 80% (DI20), and 60% (DI40) crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and three different plantation systems (flat planting (PS1), 60 cm raised beds (PS2), and 120 cm raised beds (PS3) on growth, photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and irrigation crop water productivity (I-WP) of wheat plants. The results revealed that yield reduction caused by deficit irrigation can be remunerated by the raised-bed planting method. When averaged over both seasons, the highest grain and straw yield of wheat plants was recorded under PS2 and PS3 compared with PS1, while there were no significant differences between PS2 and PS3. Raised beds (PS2 and PS3) combined with DI0 followed by DI20 significantly increased growth characteristics, leaf chlorophyll contents and their efficiency, stomatal conductance, yield and its components compared with PS1 combined with DI40. The highest value of I-WP (1.61 and 1.54 kg m−3) was obtained under DI20 combined with PS2 and PS3, respectively. Therefore, under both land- and water-limiting conditions, such as in the current Egyptian situation, raised beds could be considered a potential planting technique for improving the growth and productivity of wheat under deficit irrigation (DI20) by conserving 20% (1050 m3 ha−1) of the water needed for wheat production.
•Raised beds are highly recommended for saving 20% of irrigation water.•Raised beds mitigated the adverse effects of drought on wheat plants.•Growth, photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and water use efficiency were enhanced by raised beds.