Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is one of the main devastating causes of mortality and morbidity due to its detrimental complications. We aimed to evaluate the pulmonary functions and respiratory muscle strength in relationship with glycemic control and gender in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed at King Saud University and King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from June 2107 to June 2019. We evaluated pulmonary functions, respiratory muscle strength, body composition and glycemic control in T2DM (n=110) and control group (n=119). Gender differences were also evaluated in T2DM.
RESULTS: Subjects with T2DM have significantly decreased forced vital capacity (FVC) (3.6 +/- 0.7 vs 3.3 +/- 0.9, p = 0.012), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (3.3 +/- 2.2 vs 2.7 +/- 0.6, p = 0.019), peak expiratory flow (PEF) (127.4 +/- 210.9 vs. 49.2 +/- 133.6, p = 0.003), FEF25-75 (3.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 3.1 +/- 1.1, p-value = 0.025), and maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) (99.3 +/- 26.9 vs. 87.4 +/- 19.3, p=0.001). However, no significant difference between control and diabetes was found in maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) (132.5 +/- 34.9 vs 126.2 +/- 30.0, p = 0.202). Significant reduction in FVC (male=3.7 +/- 0.8 vs female = 3.0 +/- 0.7 p = 0.000), FEV1 (3.3 +/- 1.9 vs 2.6 +/- 0.5 p = 0.000), FEF25-75 (3.6 +/- 1.3 vs 2.9 +/- 1.0 with p-value = 0.000), MIP (96.9 +/- 23.1 vs 87.5 +/- 27.1 with p = 0.017), and MEP (134.0 +/- 32.2 vs. 120.1 +/- 33.5 with p = .011) were observed in females compared to males in T2DM subjects.
CONCLUSIONS: Decline in the pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle strength are associated with poor glycemic control in T2DM. Moreover, there are significant differences between male and female in lung parameters and inspiratory as well as expiratory muscles strength. The exact pathophysiological mechanism to explain this association requires further investigations.