Abstract
Rejections of 9 pharmaceuticals and 5 endocrine disruptors by clean and fouled nanofiltration membranes were investigated in this study. Waters containing a cocktail of compounds were filtered by clean and pre-fouled membranes. The rejection of hydrophilic neutral compounds by the clean NF-200 membrane varied from 35 to 70% under steady state conditions while that of NF-90 membrane was in the range of 62–96%. The clean NF-90 membrane rejected nearly all of the hydrophobic neutral compounds (95–98%) predominantly due to size exclusion. Nevertheless, electrostatic repulsion was the main mechanism of rejection of ionic compounds by both membranes (71–94% by NF-200 and 99% by NF-90). Fouling with sodium alginate deteriorated the performance of the NF-200 membrane in rejecting hydrophilic neutral compounds as well as hydrophilic and hydrophobic ionic compounds. In contrast, rejections of hydrophobic neutral compounds by the fouled NF-200 membrane increased by 5–38%. This may be attributed to the incipient interaction of the solutes with the membrane foulant layer resulting in less partitioning and diffusion across the membrane surface. On the other hand, rejections of hydrophobic compounds by NF-90 were not observed to be affected by fouling; however, hydrophilic neutral compounds showed increased rejections by 7–30%.