Abstract
The aim for this research is to study inexpensive and effective metal ion adsorbents from biomass sources of modified lignin to offer these adsorbents as replacements for existing commercial materials. The initial concentrations were increased up to 12.7 ppm for Pb
2+
, Cd
2+
, and Zn
2+
in order to reach the plateau values which represent saturation of the active points which are available for interaction with metal ions on the lignin samples. The maximum adsorption capacities are 11.3, 17.5, and 7.7 mg per g of the lignin for Zn
2+
, Pb
2+
, and Cd
2+
, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity is higher than 20 mg per g of the lignin for Cu
2+
ion. The maximum adsorption percentage is 96.7 for Pb
2+
for 4 h at 330 K and is 95.0 for Zn
2+
for 10 h at 290 K. The adsorption of all heavy metal ions first increases with pH and almost reaches a plateau value around 4.0 for Cu
2+
, 4.5 for Zn
2+
, 5.0 for Pb
2+
. High adsorption at higher pH values implies that metal ions interact with lignin by ion exchange.