Abstract
Secondary insults are known to worsen the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the data on intraoperative secondary insults are sparse. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of intraoperative secondary insults during extracranial surgery within 2 weeks after moderate-severe TBI and the relation between the timing of surgery and secondary insults. The secondary aim is to examine the impact of intraoperative secondary insults on postoperative cerebral radiographic imaging, intracranial pressure and escalation of care 24 hours. Secondary insults are common during extracranial surgery in patients with moderate-severe TBI. Although impact of intraoperative secondary insults on clinical and radiographic outcomes remains to be examined, strategies to avoid/expediently minimize intraoperative secondary insults are urgently needed.