Abstract
•Sensory stimulation (TENS) improved performance on four tests of motor function in MS.•TENS improved self-reported level of walking limitations after the tests.•The improvement elicited by the concurrent application of TENS was immediate.•TENS was applied with an inexpensive, portable, and easy-to-use device.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms reported in the first year of the disease include sensory impairment, fatigue, reduced mobility, and declines in hand function. The progressive reduction in motor function experienced by persons living with MS is invariably preceded by changes in sensory processing, which are strongly associated with the declines in both walking performance and manual dexterity.
To assess the influence of concurrent sensory stimulation using augmented transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (aTENS) applied to leg and hand muscles on clinical tests of motor function in individuals whose mobility was compromised by MS.
Thirteen persons with MS (52 ± 8 years; 6 women) and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy adults (52 ± 9 years) met the inclusion criteria. Participants visited the lab on two occasions with one week between visits. Each visit involved the participant performing four tests of motor function and completing two health-related questionnaires (PDDS and MSWS-12). The tests assessed walking performance (6-min test and 25-ft test), dynamic balance (chair-rise tes, and manual dexterity (grooved pegboard test). aTENS was applied through pads attached to the limbs over the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris muscles of the affected leg, and over the median nerve and the thenar eminence of the dominant hand. The pads were attached during both visits, but the current was only applied during the second visit. The stimulation comprised continuous asymmetrical biphasic pulses (0.2 ms) at a rate of 50 Hz and an intensity that elicited slight muscle contractions.
At baseline and during both treatment sessions, the performance on all four tests of motor function was worse for the MS group than the Control group. The MS group experienced significant improvements in all outcomes during the aTENS session with medium-to-large effect sizes. PDDS ratings improved (from 2.8 ± 1.3 to 2.0 ± 1.5; effect size d = –0.70) and the MSWS–12 scores declined (from 36 ± 11 to 28 ± 12; effect size d = –1.52). The concurrent application of aTENS enabled the MS group to walk further during the 6-min test (from 397 ± 174 m to 415 ± 172 m; effect size d = 0.81), to complete the 25-ft test in less time (6.7 ± 3.0 s to 6.3 ± 2.9 s; effect size d = –0.76), to increase the counts in the chair-rise test (from 11.2 ± 3.8 to 13.6 ± 4.8; effect size d = 1.52), and to perform the grooved pegboard test more quickly (from 110 ± 43 s to 99 ± 37 s; effect size d = –0.98). The only significant effect for the Control group was a significant increase in the 6-min walk distance (from 725 ± 79 to 740 ± 82 m; effect size d = 0.87).
Stimulation of sensory fibers with aTENS evoked clinically significant improvements in four tests of motor function and the self-reported level of walking limitations in persons who were moderately disabled by MS. Moreover, the improvements in function elicited by the concurrent application of aTENS were immediate.