Abstract
Human exposure to pesticides is widespread and has received much attention in recent years because of its link to adverse health outcomes. Measurement of urinary concentrations of pesticides and their metabolites is often used in the assessment of body burdens of these chemicals. However, pesticides and their metabolites can be present in blood circulatory system, although little is known on serum levels of pesticides. In this study, we aimed to examine the occurrence and profile of four organophosphate (OP), five pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides, two phenoxy acid (PA) herbicides, 14 neonicotinoid (neonic) insecticides and six dialkylphosphate metabolites in serum from 25 individuals diagnosed with osteoarthritis in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPY), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, N-desmethyl acetamiprid, dimethylphosphate (DMP) and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) were detected in ≥80% of the serum samples analyzed. Metabolites of OPs, DMTP (median concentration: 2.14 ng/mL), DMP (1.04 ng/mL) and TCPY (0.84 ng/mL), collectively accounted for 67–83% of the total serum pesticide concentrations. Serum concentrations of pesticides were similar to or lower than those reported in urine. Our preliminary evidence suggests that serum can be used as a matrix for the assessment of exposure to OPs, PYRs, PAs and neonics.
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•Thirty-one pesticides and their metabolites were measured in human serum.•Eight out of 31 pesticides were detected in ≥80% of the serum samples.•Metabolites of organophosphates, DMP, DMTP and TCPY, were dominant in serum.•Serum can be used as a matrix to assess pesticide exposures.