Abstract
In the present work, fifteen mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) were studied in cooked Caridean shrimp (pink) and Penaeid shrimp (tiger, white and brown). The cooking methods were used as stir-frying, broiling and steaming under controlled temperatu r e and time, and HAs determination was performed by SPE/UPLC-ESIMS/MS. HAs 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-Amino-1,6-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (DMIP), 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b] indole (Harman) and 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (Norharman) were identified (0.05-22.48 ng/g) in a l l stir-fried and broiled shrimp, whereas 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) was only found (0.08-0.35 ng/g) in stir-fried shrimp. HAs 2-Amino-3,7,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (7,8-DiMeIQx) and, alpha-carbolines 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (A alpha C) and 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeA alpha C), gamma-carbolines 3-Amino-1 ,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4 ,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and delta-carbolines 2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1 ,2-alpha:3 ',2 '-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-Aminodipyrido [1,2-alpha:3 ',2 '-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2) were not detected or found below quantification limit. Brown shrimp (stir-fried) appeared to be more contaminated which constitutes total HAs (81.93 ng/g) followed by pi n k (70.41 ng/g), tiger (53.02 ng/g) and white (33.57 ng/g). Steaming method does not yield any HAs, and the cause might be elucidate that shrimp were not directly in contact with cooking pan or fire which affect the HAs formation. Food precursors (protein, moisture, fat, creatine and glucose) were also measured in raw and cooked shrimp to investigate the influence on HAs formation . Creatine (3.85 mg/g) and glucose (0.43 mg/g) were found at higher concentrations in brown shrimp, generates high amounts of HAs. Ou r findings have illustrated that the cooking method, shrimp types and precursors are the main contributors to the formation of HAs. The outcomes from this work could be applied to estimate the HAs human intake globally and add to steaming cooking method in such types of food products that diminish the risk of HAs exposure, and thus to get healthier food quality and security.