Abstract
The effective exploitation of smart technology in applications helps farmers make better decisions without increasing costs. Agricultural Research Centers (ARCs) are continually updating and producing new datasets from applied research, so the smart model should dynamically address all surrounding agricultural variables and improve its expertise from all available datasets. This research concentrates on sustainable agriculture using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Therefore, if a new related dataset is created, this new incoming dataset is merged with the existing dataset. The proposed PSO then bypasses the summarization of the dataset. It deletes the least essential and speculative records and keeps the records that are the most influential in the classification process. The summarized dataset is interposed in the training process without re-establishing the system again by modifying the classical ANN. The proposed ANN comprises an adaptive input layer and an adaptive output layer to handle the process of continuously updating the datasets. A comparative study between the proposed adaptive PSO-ANN and other known and used methods on different datasets has been applied. The results prove the quality of the proposed Adaptive PSO-ANN from various standard measurements. The proposed PSO-ANN achieved an accuracy of 94.8%, precision of 91.15%, recall of 97.93%, and F1-score of 94.42%. The smart olive cultivation case study is accomplished with the proposed adaptive PSO-ANN and technological tools from the Internet of Things (IoT). The advanced tools from IoT technology are established and analyzed to control all the required procedures of olive cultivation. This case study addresses the necessary fertilizers and irrigation water to adapt to the changes in climate. Empirical results show that smart olive cultivation using the proposed adaptive PSO-ANN and IoT has high quality and efficiency. The quality and efficiency are measured by diversified metrics such as crop production and consumed water, which confirm the success of the proposed smart olive agriculture method.