Abstract
Alloys containing a higher percentage of tin and/or alloys that undergo dendritic solidification over a broad range of temperature are prone to exhibit a disparity in contraction behavior of the solid and liquid phases. This disparity can lead to several features in solder joints such as surface roughness, shrinkage voids, fillet lifting, and hot tearing. In non-eutectic solders, primary phases nucleate and grow first during solidification.