Abstract
Since the last decade, power systems have been evolving dynamically due to smart grid technologies. In this context, energy management and optimal scheduling of different resources are very important. The main objective of this paper is to study the optimal scheduling of distributed energy resources (OSDER) problem. This problem is a challenging, complex and very large-scale mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. Its complexity escalates with incorporation of uncertain and intermittent renewable sources, electric vehicles, variable loads and markets which makes it hard to be solved using traditional optimization algorithms and solvers. However, it can be handled efficiently and without approximation or modification of the original formulation using modern optimization algorithms such as metaheuristics. In this paper, an improved version of the variable neighborhood search (IVNS) algorithm is proposed to solve the OSDER problem. The proposed algorithm was tested on two large-scale centralized day-ahead energy resource scenarios. In the first scenario, the 12.66 kV, 33-bus test system with a total of 49,920 design variables is used whilst in the second scenario, the 30 kV, 180-bus test system is used with a total of 154,800 design variables. The optimization results using the proposed algorithm were compared with five existing optimization algorithms, i.e., chaotic biogeography-based optimization (CBBO), cross-entropy method and evolutionary PSO (CEEPSO), chaotic differential evolution with PSO (Chaotic-DEEPSO), Levy differential evolution with PSO (Levy-DEEPSO), and the variable neighborhood search (VNS). For the first test system, the IVNS has achieved a score of & x2212;5598.89 while for the second test system it has achieved a score of & x2212;3180.15. A comparative study of the results has shown that the proposed IVNS algorithm performs better than the remaining algorithms for both cases.