Abstract
Sustainable soil management with the appropriate understanding of soil characteristics is vital in maintaining and improving agriculture soil management. The objectives of the present study are to characterize the spatial variability of soil using the GIS technique and used agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) for the delineation of management zones (MZs) for precision agriculture. A total of 111 soil samples were collected from 37 soil profiles in systematic depths (0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 cm) from the South Hail region, KSA. Samples were analyzed for pH, ECe, CaCO3, available macro and micronutrients, and hydrological properties. The best fit models, using ArcGIS software, were J-Bessel for pH, Clay, bulk density (BD), and available water (AW); K-Bessel for EC and available N; Stable for CaCO3, P, K, Fe, Zn, Sand, field capacity (FC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks); Spherical for Mn and Cu; Gaussian for saturation percentage (SP); whereas exponential for permanent wilting point (PWP). The principal component analysis (PCA) resulted in six principal components (PCs) explaining 79.75% of the total variance of soil properties. The PC1 was strongly influenced by soil BD, FC, clay, PWP, Ks, and sand. PC2 was dominated by N, ECe, and CaCO3; PC3 was dominated by pH; PC4 was dominated primarily by K and P, PC5 was mainly dominated by Fe; Mn, and Cu, and PC6 was mainly dominated by SP and Zn. Based on AHC, four soil management zones (MZs) cover 77.94, 14.10, 7.11 and 0.85% of the studied area. Management zone 1 (MZ1) and Management zone 3 (MZ3) are classified as moderately saline while Management zone 2 (MZ2) is classified as highly saline soils, greater than the limiting critical value for the sensitive crops. The potential solutions to reduce salinization in the area include: reducing irrigation, moving to salt-tolerant crops or applying humic acids to fix anions and cations and eliminate them from the root zone of the plants. Treating the area with diluted sulfuric acid to remove salts and reduce ECe to less than 2 dSm(-1), to get maximum productivity. This finding is diagnostic for determining the amount of fertilizer and irrigation water to be applied to soils in different management zones. Its emphasis's the importance of site-specific management for long-term crop productivity and, as a result, reducing environmental hazards caused by uneven fertilizers and water applications.