State of the Climate in 2016

D. S. Arndt; J. Blunden; R. J. H. Dunn; Arlene P. Aaron-Morrison; A. Abdallah; Steven A. Ackerman; Robert Adler; Eric J. Alfaro; Richard P. Allan; Rob Allan; Luis A. Alvarez; Lincoln M. Alves; Jorge A. Amador; L. M. Andreassen; Dayana Arce; Anthony Argueez; Derek S. Arndt; N. M. Arzhanova; John Augustine; E. M. Awatif; Cesar Azorin-Molina; Julian Baez; M. U. Bardin; Jonathan Barichivich; Molly O. Baringer; Sandra Barreira; Stephen Baxter; H. E. Beck; Andreas Becker; Kristopher M. Bedka; Michael J. Behrenfeld; Gerald D. Bell; M. Belmont; Angela Benedetti; G. H. Bernhard; Paul Berrisford; David I. Berry; Maria L. Bettolli; U. S. Bhatt; Mario Bidegain; B. Biskaborn; Peter Bissolli; J. Bjerke; Eric S. Blake; Jessica Blunden; Michael G. Bosilovich; Olivier Boucher; Dagne Boudet; J. E. Box; Tim Boyer; Geir O. Braathen; Julian Brimelow; David H. Bromwich; R. Brown; S. Buehler; Olga N. Bulygina; D. Burgess; Blanca Calderon; Suzana J. Camargo; Jayaka D. Campbell; J. Cappelen; P. Caroff; Laura Carrea; Brendan R. Carter; Don P. Chambers; Elise Chandler; Ming-Dean Cheng; Hanne H. Christiansen; John R. Christy; Daniel Chung; E. -S Chung; Kyle R. Clem; Caio A. S. Coelho; Melanie Coldewey-Egbers; Steve Colwell; Owen R. Cooper; L. Copland; J. N. Cross; Jake Crouch; Virgen Cutie; Sean M. Davis; Elvira de Eyto; Richard A. M. de Jeu; Jos de Laat; Curtis L. DeGasperi; Doug Degenstein; M. Demircan; C. Derksen; Larry Di Girolamo; Howard J. Diamond; S. Dindyal; Ed J. Dlugokencky; Kathleen Dohan; Martin T. Dokulil; A. Johannes Dolman; Catia M. Domingues; Markus G. Donat; Shenfu Dong; Wouter A. Dorigo; D. S. Drozdov; Robert J. H. Dunn; Ana M. Duran-Quesada; Geoff S. Dutton; M. ElKharrim; James W. Elkins; H. E. Epstein; Jhan C. Espinoza; Sheryl Etienne-LeBlanc; James S. Famiglietti; S. Farrell; S. Fateh; R. S. Fausto; Richard A. Feely; Z. Feng; Chris Fenimore; X. Fettweis; Vitali E. Fioletov; Mike Flannigan; Johannes Flemming; Ryan L. Fogt; Chris Folland; C. Fonseca; B. C. Forbes; Michael J. Foster; S. D. Francis; Bryan A. Franz; Richard A. Frey; Stacey M. Frith; Lucien Froidevaux; Catherine Ganter; S. Gerland; John Gilson; Nadine Gobron; Stanley B. Goldenberg; Gustavo Goni; Idelmis T. Gonzalez; A. Goto; Marianna D. Greenhough; J. -U Grooss; Alexander Gruber; Charles Guard; S. K. Gupta; J. M. Gutierrez; C. Haas; S. Hagos; Sebastian Hahn; Leo Haimberger; Brad D. Hall; Michael S. Halpert; Benjamin D. Hamlington; E. Hanna; I Hanssen-Bauer; Jon Hare; Ian Harris; Andrew K. Heidinger; Richard R., Jr Heim; S. Hendricks; Marieta Hernandez; Rafael Hernandez; Hugo G. Hidalgo; Shu-peng Ho; William R. Hobbs; Boyin Huang; Hannah K. Huelsing; Dale F. Hurst; I. Ialongo; J. A. Ijampy; Antje Inness; K. Isaksen; Masayoshi Ishii; Svetlana Jevrejeva; C. Jimenez; Jin Xiangze; Viju John; William E. Johns; B. Johnsen; Bryan Johnson; Gregory C. Johnson; Kenneth S. Johnson; Philip D. Jones; Guillaume Jumaux; Khadija Kabidi; J. W. Kaiser; David Kass; Seiji Kato; A. Kazemi; G. Kelem; Linda M. Keller; B. P. Kelly; Mike Kendon; John Kennedy; Kenneth Kerr; A. L. Kholodov; Mahbobeh Khoshkam; Rachel Killick; Hyungjun Kim; S. -J Kim; Todd B. Kimberlain; Philip J. Klotzbach; John A. Knaff; Bob Kochtubajda; J. Kohler; Johanna Korhonen; Natalia N. Korshunova; Natalya Kramarova; D. P. Kratz; Andries Kruger; Michael C. Kruk; T. Krumpen; M. Lakatos; K. Lakkala; J. -P Lanckmann; Mark A. Lander; Peter Landschuetzer; Chris W. Landsea; Matthias Lankhorst; Kathleen Lantz; Matthew A. Lazzara; Eric Leuliette; Stephen R. Lewis; Michelle L'Heureux; Jan L. Lieser; I-I Lin; Hongxing Liu; Yinghui Liu; Ricardo Locarnini; Norman G. Loeb; Craig S. Long; M. Loranty; Andrew M. Lorrey; Diego Loyola; Mong-Ming Lu; Rick Lumpkin; Jing-Jia Luo; K. Luojus; John M. Lyman; Gregor Macara; Alison M. Macdonald; M. Macias-Fauria; G. V. Malkova; G. Manney; S. S. Marchenko; Jose A. Marengo; John J. Marra; Wlodzimierz Marszelewski; B. Martens; Rodney Martinez-Gueingla; Robert A. Massom; Jeremy T. Mathis; Linda May; Michael Mayer; Matthew Mazloff; Charlotte McBride; M. F. McCabe; Gerard McCarthy; M. McCarthy; Elaine L. McDonagh; Simon McGree; Tim R. McVicar; Carl A. Mears; W. Meier; A. Mekonnen; V. V. Menezes; G. Mengistu Tsidu; W. Paul Menzel; Christopher J. Merchant; Michael P. Meredith; Mark A. Merrifield; Patrick Minnis; Diego G. Miralles; T. Mistelbauer; Gary T. Mitchum; Srkani Mitro; Didier Monselesan; Stephen A. Montzka; Natalie Mora; Colin Morice; Blair Morrow; T. Mote; L. Mudryk; Jens Muehle; A. Brett Mullan; R. Mueller; Eric R. Nash; R. Steven Nerem; Louise Newman; Paul A. Newman; Juan Jose Nieto; Jeannette Noetzli; S. O'Neel; Tim J. Osborn; J. Overland; Lamjav Oyunjargal; Robert M. Parinussa; E-hyung Park; Richard J. Pasch; Reynaldo Pascual-Ramirez; Andrew M. Paterson; Petra R. Pearce; V. Pellichero; Mauri S. Pelto; Liang Peng; Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick; D. Perovich; Irina Petropavlovskikh; Alexandre B. Pezza; C. Phillips; David Phillips; G. Phoenix; Bernard Pinty; Michael C. Pitts; M. R. Pons; Avalon O. Porter; Juan Quintana; Fatemeh Rahimzadeh; Madhavan Rajeevan; Darren Rayner; M. K. Raynolds; Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev; Peter Read; James Reagan; Phillip Reid; Christoph Reimer; Samuel Remy; James A. Renwick; Jayashree V. Revadekar; J. Richter-Menge; Alon Rimmer; David A. Robinson; Matthew Rodell; Ruetger Rollenbeck; Vladimir E. Romanovsky; Josyane Ronchail; F. Roquet; Karen H. Rosenlof; Chris Roth; James A. Rusak; Jean-Bapiste Sallee; Ahira Sanchez-Lugo; Michelle L. Santee; Jorge L. Sarmiento; P. Sawaengphokhai; Amal Sayouri; Ted A. Scambos; Jae Schemm; S. Geoffrey Schladow; Claudia Schmid; Martin Schmid; P. Schoeneich; Carl J., III Schreck; Ted Schuur; H. B. Selkirk; Uwe Send; Serhat Sensoy; M. Sharp; Lei Shi; Nikolai I. Shiklomanov; Svetlana V. Shimaraeva; David A. Siegel; Sergio R. Signorini; Eugene Silov; Fatou Sima; Adrian J. Simmons; David A. Smeed; C. J. P. P. Smeets; Adam Smith; Sharon L. Smith; B. Soden; Jaqueline M. Spence; A. K. Srivastava; Paul W., Jr Stackhouse; Sharon Stammerjohn; Wolfgang Steinbrecht; Jose L. Stella; Roxann Stennett-Brown; Tannecia S. Stephenson; Susan Strahan; Dimitri A. Streletskiy; Sunny Sun-Mack; Sebastiaan Swart; William Sweet; Gerard Tamar; Michael A. Taylor; M. Tedesco; R. L. Thoman; L. Thompson; Philip R. Thompson; M. -L Timmermans; Maxim A. Timofeev; Joaquin A. Tirnanes; Skie Tobin; Katja Trachte; Blair C. Trewin; Adrian R. Trotman; M. Tschudi; Olga Tweedy; D. van As; R. S. W. van de Wal; Robin van der Schalie; Gerard van der Schrier; Guido R. van der Werf; Cedric J. van Meerbeeck; I. Velicogna; Piet Verburg; G. Vieira; Lucie A. Vincent; Holger Voemel; Russell S. Vose; Wolfgang Wagner; Anna Wahlin; D. A. Walker; J. Walsh; Bin Wang; Chunzai Wang; Junhong Wang; Lei Wang; M. Wang; Sheng-Hung Wang; Rik Wanninkhof; Shohei Watanabe; Mark Weber; Robert A. Weller; Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer; Robert Whitewood; David N. Wiese; Susan E. Wijffels; Anne C. Wilber; Jeanette D. Wild; Kate M. Willett; Shem Willie; Josh K. Willis; G. Wolken; Takmeng Wong; E. F. Wood; R. Iestyn Woolway; B. Wouters; Yan Xue; So-Young Yim; Xungang Yin; Lisan Yu; Eduardo Zambrano; Huai-Min Zhang; Peiqun Zhang; Guanguo Zhao; Lin Zhao; Jerry R. Ziemke; Nathalie Zilberman; Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

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Journal article

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State of the Climate in 2016

D. S. Arndt, J. Blunden, R. J. H. Dunn, Arlene P. Aaron-Morrison, A. Abdallah, Steven A. Ackerman, Robert Adler, Eric J. Alfaro, Richard P. Allan, Rob Allan, …

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol.98(8), pp.S1-S280

01/08/2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Abstract

Climate Research

Earth and Related Environmental Sciences

Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap

Klimatforskning

Natural Sciences

Naturvetenskap

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.

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Title: State of the Climate in 2016
Creators - without role: D. S. Arndt - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
J. Blunden - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
R. J. H. Dunn - Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England
Arlene P. Aaron-Morrison - Trinidad & Tobago Meteorol Serv, Piarco, Trinid & Tobago
A. Abdallah - Agence Natl Aviat Civile & Meteorol, Moroni, Comoros
Steven A. Ackerman - Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA
Robert Adler - Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD USA
Eric J. Alfaro
Richard P. Allan - University of Reading
Rob Allan - The Metropolitan Opera
Luis A. Alvarez - Inst Hidrol Meteorol & Estudios Ambientales Colom, Bogota, Colombia
Lincoln M. Alves - Sistema
Jorge A. Amador
L. M. Andreassen - Norwegian Water
Dayana Arce
Anthony Argueez - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
Derek S. Arndt - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
N. M. Arzhanova - Russian Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia
John Augustine - NOAA OAR Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA
E. M. Awatif - Predict
Cesar Azorin-Molina - University of Gothenburg
Julian Baez - Direcc Meteorol & Hidrol DINAC, Asuncion, Paraguay
M. U. Bardin - Islamic Republ Iran Meteorol Org, Tehran, Iran
Jonathan Barichivich
Molly O. Baringer - NOAA OAR Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA
Sandra Barreira - Argentine Naval Hydrog Serv, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Stephen Baxter - Predict
H. E. Beck - Princeton University
Andreas Becker - Deutsch Wetterdienst, Global Precipitat Climatol Ctr, Offenbach, Germany
Kristopher M. Bedka - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
Michael J. Behrenfeld - Oregon State University
Gerald D. Bell - Predict
M. Belmont - Seychelles Natl Meteorol Serv, Pointe Larue, Mahe, Seychelles
Angela Benedetti - European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berks, England
G. H. Bernhard - Biospher Instruments, San Diego, CA USA
Paul Berrisford - European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berks, England
David I. Berry - Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England
Maria L. Bettolli - University of Buenos Aires
U. S. Bhatt - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Mario Bidegain - Inst Uruguayo Meteorol, Montevideo, Uruguay
B. Biskaborn - Polar
Peter Bissolli - Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Reg Climate Ctr Network, Offenbach, Germany
J. Bjerke - Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Tromso, Norway
Eric S. Blake - NOAA NWS Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA
Jessica Blunden
Michael G. Bosilovich - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Global Modeling & Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD USA
Olivier Boucher - CNRS UPMC, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
Dagne Boudet - Inst Meteorol Cuba, Climate Ctr, Havana, Cuba
J. E. Box - Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Tim Boyer - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
Geir O. Braathen - WMO Atmospher Environm Res Div, Geneva, Switzerland
Julian Brimelow - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
David H. Bromwich - The Ohio State University
R. Brown - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Climate Res Div, Montreal, PQ, Canada
S. Buehler - Universität Hamburg
Olga N. Bulygina - Russian Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia
D. Burgess - Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Blanca Calderon - Univ Costa Rica, Ctr Geophys Res, San Jose, Costa Rica
Suzana J. Camargo - Columbia University
Jayaka D. Campbell - University of the West Indies
J. Cappelen - Danish Meteorol Inst, Copenhagen, Denmark
P. Caroff - Météo-France
Laura Carrea - University of Reading
Brendan R. Carter
Don P. Chambers - Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL USA
Elise Chandler - Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Ming-Dean Cheng
Hanne H. Christiansen - Univ Ctr Svalbard, Dept Geol, Longyearbyen, Norway
John R. Christy - University of Alabama
Daniel Chung - TU Wien
E. -S Chung
Kyle R. Clem - Victoria University of Wellington
Caio A. S. Coelho - CPTEC INPE, Ctr Weather Forecasts & Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil
Melanie Coldewey-Egbers - Wessling
Steve Colwell - British Antarctic Survey
Owen R. Cooper
L. Copland - University of Ottawa
J. N. Cross - NOAA OAR Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA USA
Jake Crouch - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
Virgen Cutie - Inst Meteorol Cuba, Climate Ctr, Havana, Cuba
Sean M. Davis - University of Colorado Boulder
Elvira de Eyto - Newport
Richard A. M. de Jeu - VanderSat BV, Haarlem, Netherlands
Jos de Laat - Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands
Curtis L. DeGasperi - King Cty Water & Land Resources Div, Seattle, WA USA
Doug Degenstein - University of Saskatchewan
M. Demircan - Ankara
C. Derksen - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Climate Res Div, Toronto, ON, Canada
Larry Di Girolamo - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Howard J. Diamond - AIR
S. Dindyal - Mauritius Meteorological Serv, Vacoas, Mauritius
Ed J. Dlugokencky - NOAA OAR Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA
Kathleen Dohan - Earth & Space Res, Seattle, WA USA
Martin T. Dokulil - Univ Innsbruck, Res Inst Limnology, Mondsee, Austria
A. Johannes Dolman - University of Amsterdam
Catia M. Domingues
Markus G. Donat - Univ New S Wales, Climate Change Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Shenfu Dong - Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL USA
Wouter A. Dorigo - TU Wien
D. S. Drozdov
Robert J. H. Dunn
Ana M. Duran-Quesada
Geoff S. Dutton - University of Colorado Boulder
M. ElKharrim - Direction Meteorol Natl Maroc, Rabat, Morocco
James W. Elkins
H. E. Epstein - University of Virginia
Jhan C. Espinoza - Inst Geofisico Peru, Lima, Peru
Sheryl Etienne-LeBlanc - Meteorol Dept St Maarten, St Maarten, Netherlands
James S. Famiglietti - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
S. Farrell - Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdiscipl Ctr, College Pk, MD USA
S. Fateh - Islamic Republic Iranian Meteorol, Tehran, Iran
R. S. Fausto - Geolog Survey Denmark & Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Richard A. Feely
Z. Feng - FCSD ASGC Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA
Chris Fenimore
X. Fettweis - University of Liège
Vitali E. Fioletov
Mike Flannigan - University of Alberta
Johannes Flemming - European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berks, England
Ryan L. Fogt - Ohio University
Chris Folland
C. Fonseca - Inst Meteorol Cuba, Climate Ctr, Havana, Cuba
B. C. Forbes - University of Lapland
Michael J. Foster - Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA
S. D. Francis - Nigerian Meteorol Agcy, Natl Weather Forecast & Climate Res Ctr, Abuja, Nigeria
Bryan A. Franz - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA
Richard A. Frey - Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA
Stacey M. Frith
Lucien Froidevaux - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Catherine Ganter - Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
S. Gerland - Polar
John Gilson - Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA
Nadine Gobron - European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy
Stanley B. Goldenberg
Gustavo Goni
Idelmis T. Gonzalez - Inst Meteorol Cuba, Climate Ctr, Havana, Cuba
A. Goto - Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan
Marianna D. Greenhough - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
J. -U Grooss
Alexander Gruber
Charles Guard - Wrexham University
S. K. Gupta - Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Hampton, VA USA
J. M. Gutierrez - Universidad de Cantabria
C. Haas
S. Hagos - Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, FCSD ASGC Climate Phys Grp, Richland, WA USA
Sebastian Hahn
Leo Haimberger - University of Vienna
Brad D. Hall
Michael S. Halpert
Benjamin D. Hamlington - Old Dominion University
E. Hanna - University of Sheffield
I Hanssen-Bauer - Norwegian Meteorol Inst, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
Jon Hare - NOAA NMFS Northeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA
Ian Harris
Andrew K. Heidinger - University of Wisconsin–Madison
Richard R., Jr Heim - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr, Asheville, NC USA
S. Hendricks - The Alfred Hospital
Marieta Hernandez - Climate Ctr, Inst Meteorol, Havana, Cuba
Rafael Hernandez - Inst Nacl Meteorol & Hidrolog Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
Hugo G. Hidalgo
Shu-peng Ho - Univ Corp Atmospheric Res, COSMIC Project Off, Boulder, CO USA
William R. Hobbs - University of Tasmania
Boyin Huang
Hannah K. Huelsing - SUNY Albany, Albany, NY USA
Dale F. Hurst
I. Ialongo - Finnish Meteorolog Inst, Helsinki, Finland
J. A. Ijampy - Nigerian Meteorol Agcy, Abuja, Nigeria
Antje Inness - European Ctr Medium Range, Reading, Berks, England
K. Isaksen - Norwegian Meteorolog Inst, Oslo, Norway
Masayoshi Ishii - Japan Meteorolog Agcy, Climat Res Dept, Meteorolog Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Svetlana Jevrejeva
C. Jimenez
Jin Xiangze
Viju John
William E. Johns - Supreme Council Of Health
B. Johnsen - Norwegian Radiat Protect Authority, Osteras, Norway
Bryan Johnson
Gregory C. Johnson
Kenneth S. Johnson - Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Philip D. Jones - University of East Anglia
Guillaume Jumaux - Météo-France
Khadija Kabidi - Direct Meteorolog Natl Maroc, Rabat, Morocco
J. W. Kaiser - Max
David Kass - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Seiji Kato
A. Kazemi - Islamic Republic Iran Meteorolog Org, Tehran, Iran
G. Kelem - Ethiopian Meteorolog Agcy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Linda M. Keller - University of Wisconsin–Madison
B. P. Kelly
Mike Kendon - Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England
John Kennedy
Kenneth Kerr - Trinidad & Tobago Meteorol Serv, Piarco, Trinid & Tobago
A. L. Kholodov - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Mahbobeh Khoshkam - Islamic Republ Iran Meteorol Org, Tehran, Iran
Rachel Killick - Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England
Hyungjun Kim - The University of Tokyo
S. -J Kim
Todd B. Kimberlain - NOAA NWS Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA
Philip J. Klotzbach - Colorado State University
John A. Knaff - NOAA NESDIS Ctr Satellite Applicat & Res, Ft Collins, CO USA
Bob Kochtubajda - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
J. Kohler - Polar
Johanna Korhonen - Finnish Environm Inst SYKE, Freshwater Ctr, Helsinki, Finland
Natalia N. Korshunova - World Data Ctr, All Russian Res Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia
Natalya Kramarova - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA
D. P. Kratz - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
Andries Kruger - South African Weather Serv, Pretoria, South Africa
Michael C. Kruk - ERT
T. Krumpen - The Alfred Hospital
M. Lakatos - Hungarian Meteorol Serv, Climatol Div, Budapest, Hungary
K. Lakkala - Finnish Meteorol Inst, Arctic Res Ctr, Sodankyla, Finland
J. -P Lanckmann
Mark A. Lander - University of Guam
Peter Landschuetzer - Max
Chris W. Landsea - NOAA NWS Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA
Matthias Lankhorst - Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA
Kathleen Lantz
Matthew A. Lazzara
Eric Leuliette - NOAA, NWS NCWCP Lab Satellite Altimetry, College Pk, MD USA
Stephen R. Lewis - The Open University
Michelle L'Heureux - Predict
Jan L. Lieser - University of Tasmania
I-I Lin - University of Taipei
Hongxing Liu - University of Cincinnati
Yinghui Liu - Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA
Ricardo Locarnini - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Silver Spring, MD USA
Norman G. Loeb - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
Craig S. Long - Predict
M. Loranty - Colgate University
Andrew M. Lorrey - Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
Diego Loyola - Wessling
Mong-Ming Lu
Rick Lumpkin - NOAA OAR Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA
Jing-Jia Luo - Australian Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
K. Luojus - Finnish Meteorolog Inst, Helsinki, Finland
John M. Lyman
Gregor Macara - Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand
Alison M. Macdonald - Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA
M. Macias-Fauria - University of Oxford
G. V. Malkova
G. Manney
S. S. Marchenko - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Jose A. Marengo - Ctr Nacl Monitoramento Alertas Desastres Nat, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
John J. Marra - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
Wlodzimierz Marszelewski - Nicolaus Copernicus University
B. Martens - Univ Ghent, Lab Hydrol & Water Management, Ghent, Belgium
Rodney Martinez-Gueingla - Ctr Int Invest Fenomeno El Nino, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Robert A. Massom
Jeremy T. Mathis - NOAA, OAR Arctic Res Program, Silver Spring, MD USA
Linda May - Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Michael Mayer - University of Vienna
Matthew Mazloff - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Charlotte McBride - South African Weather Serv, Pretoria, South Africa
M. F. McCabe - King Abdullah Univ Sci & Technol, Div Biol & Environm Sci & Engn, Water Desalinat & Reuse Ctr, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Gerard McCarthy - Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England
M. McCarthy - The Metropolitan Opera
Elaine L. McDonagh
Simon McGree - Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Tim R. McVicar
Carl A. Mears - Rosa
W. Meier - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA
A. Mekonnen - North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
V. V. Menezes - Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA
G. Mengistu Tsidu
W. Paul Menzel - Univ Wisconsin, Space Sci & Engn Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA
Christopher J. Merchant
Michael P. Meredith - British Antarctic Survey
Mark A. Merrifield - University of Hawaii System
Patrick Minnis - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
Diego G. Miralles - Univ Ghent, Lab Hydrol & Water Management, Ghent, Belgium
T. Mistelbauer - Earth Observing Data Ctr GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Gary T. Mitchum - Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL USA
Srkani Mitro - Meteorol Serv Suriname, Paramaribo, Surinam
Didier Monselesan - Atmos
Stephen A. Montzka - NOAA OAR Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA
Natalie Mora
Colin Morice - The Metropolitan Opera
Blair Morrow - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
T. Mote - Univ Georgia, Dept Geog, Athens, GA 30602 USA
L. Mudryk - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Climate Res Div, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Jens Muehle - Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA
A. Brett Mullan - Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
R. Mueller - Forschungszentrum Jülich
Eric R. Nash - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA
R. Steven Nerem - University of Colorado Boulder
Louise Newman - University of Tasmania
Paul A. Newman - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA
Juan Jose Nieto - Ctr Int Invest Fenomeno El Nino, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Jeannette Noetzli - WSL Inst Snow & Avalanche Res, Davos, Switzerland
S. O'Neel - Anchorage
Tim J. Osborn - University of East Anglia
J. Overland - NOAA OAR Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA USA
Lamjav Oyunjargal - Professional Engineers Ontario
Robert M. Parinussa - VanderSat BV, Haarlem, Netherlands
E-hyung Park - Korea Meteorol Adm, Seoul, South Korea
Richard J. Pasch - NOAA NWS Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA
Reynaldo Pascual-Ramirez - Natl Meteorol Serv Mexico, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Andrew M. Paterson - ENVIRON
Petra R. Pearce - Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
V. Pellichero - Sorbonne Université
Mauri S. Pelto - Nichols Coll, Dudley, MA USA
Liang Peng - Univ Corp Atmospheric Res, COSMIC Project Off, Boulder, CO USA
Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick - Univ New S Wales, Climate Change Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia
D. Perovich
Irina Petropavlovskikh
Alexandre B. Pezza - Greater Wellington Reg Council, Wellington, New Zealand
C. Phillips - University of Wisconsin–Madison
David Phillips - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
G. Phoenix - University of Sheffield
Bernard Pinty - European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy
Michael C. Pitts - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
M. R. Pons - University of Guayaquil
Avalon O. Porter - Cayman Isl Natl Weather Serv, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
Juan Quintana - Direcc Meteorol Chile, Santiago, Chile
Fatemeh Rahimzadeh - Atmospher Sci & Meteorol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Madhavan Rajeevan - Minist Earth Sci, Earth System Sci Org, New Delhi, India
Darren Rayner - Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England
M. K. Raynolds - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev - All Russian Res Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia
Peter Read - University of Oxford
James Reagan
Phillip Reid
Christoph Reimer
Samuel Remy - CNRS UPMC, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
James A. Renwick - Victoria University of Wellington
Jayashree V. Revadekar - Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune, Maharashtra, India
J. Richter-Menge - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Alon Rimmer - Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnol Lab, Migdal, Israel
David A. Robinson - Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geog, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA
Matthew Rodell - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USA
Ruetger Rollenbeck - Univ Marburg, Fac Geog, Lab Climatol Remote Sensing, Marburg, Germany
Vladimir E. Romanovsky
Josyane Ronchail - Université Paris Cité
F. Roquet - Stockholm University
Karen H. Rosenlof - NOAA OAR Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA
Chris Roth - University of Saskatchewan
James A. Rusak - ENVIRON
Jean-Bapiste Sallee
Ahira Sanchez-Lugo - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Silver Spring, MD USA
Michelle L. Santee - NASA Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA
Jorge L. Sarmiento - Princeton University
P. Sawaengphokhai - Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA
Amal Sayouri - Direct Meteorolog Natl Maroc, Rabat, Morocco
Ted A. Scambos - University of Colorado Boulder
Jae Schemm - Predict
S. Geoffrey Schladow - Univ Calif Davis, Tahoe Environm Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA
Claudia Schmid - NOAA OAR Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA
Martin Schmid - Swiss Federal Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
P. Schoeneich - Univ Grenoble Alpes, Inst Geog Alpine, Grenoble, France
Carl J., III Schreck - N Carolina State Univ, Cooperat Inst Climate & Satellites, Asheville, NC USA
Ted Schuur - Ecosystem
H. B. Selkirk - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD USA
Uwe Send - Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA
Serhat Sensoy - Ankara
M. Sharp - University of Alberta
Lei Shi - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Silver Spring, MD USA
Nikolai I. Shiklomanov - George Washington University
Svetlana V. Shimaraeva - Irkutsk State University
David A. Siegel - Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
Sergio R. Signorini - Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA
Eugene Silov - Irkutsk State University
Fatou Sima - Dept Water Resources, Div Meteorol, Banjul, Gambia
Adrian J. Simmons - European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berks, England
David A. Smeed - Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England
C. J. P. P. Smeets - Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Adam Smith - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Silver Spring, MD USA
Sharon L. Smith - Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
B. Soden - University of Miami
Jaqueline M. Spence - Meteorol Serv, Kingston, Jamaica
A. K. Srivastava - Indian Meteorol Dept, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Paul W., Jr Stackhouse - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
Sharon Stammerjohn - University of Colorado Boulder
Wolfgang Steinbrecht - German Weather Serv DWD, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany
Jose L. Stella - Serv Meteorol Nacl, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Roxann Stennett-Brown - Univ West Indies, Dept Phys, Kingston, Jamaica
Tannecia S. Stephenson - University of the West Indies
Susan Strahan - NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD USA
Dimitri A. Streletskiy - George Washington University
Sunny Sun-Mack - Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA
Sebastiaan Swart - CSIR Southern Ocean Carbon & Climate Observ, Stellenbosch, South Africa
William Sweet - NOAA NOS Ctr Operat Oceanog Products & Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA
Gerard Tamar - Grenada Airports Author, St Georges, Grenada
Michael A. Taylor - University of the West Indies
M. Tedesco
R. L. Thoman - NOAA Natl Weather Serv, Fairbanks, AK USA
L. Thompson - Simon Fraser University
Philip R. Thompson - University of Hawaii System
M. -L Timmermans
Maxim A. Timofeev - Irkutsk State University
Joaquin A. Tirnanes - Univ Santiago Compostela, Lab Syst, Technol Res Inst, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
Skie Tobin - Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Katja Trachte - Philipps Univ, Lab Climatol & Remote Sensing, Marburg, Germany
Blair C. Trewin - Australian Bur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Adrian R. Trotman - Caribbean Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, Bridgetown, Barbados
M. Tschudi - University of Colorado Boulder
Olga Tweedy - Johns Hopkins University
D. van As - Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
R. S. W. van de Wal - Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Robin van der Schalie - VanderSat BV, Haarlem, Netherlands
Gerard van der Schrier - Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, De Bilt, Netherlands
Guido R. van der Werf - University of Amsterdam
Cedric J. van Meerbeeck - Caribbean Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, Bridgetown, Barbados
I. Velicogna - Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA
Piet Verburg - Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand
G. Vieira - University of Lisbon
Lucie A. Vincent - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Holger Voemel - Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Earth Observing Lab, Boulder, CO USA
Russell S. Vose - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Silver Spring, MD USA
Wolfgang Wagner - TU Wien
Anna Wahlin - University of Gothenburg
D. A. Walker - University of Alaska Fairbanks
J. Walsh - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Bin Wang
Chunzai Wang - South China Sea Inst Oceanol, State Key Lab Trop Oceanog, Guangzhou, Peoples R China
Junhong Wang - SUNY Albany, Albany, NY USA
Lei Wang - Louisiana State University
M. Wang - University of Washington
Sheng-Hung Wang - The Ohio State University
Rik Wanninkhof - NOAA OAR Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA
Shohei Watanabe - Univ Calif Davis, Tahoe Environm Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA
Mark Weber - University of Bremen
Robert A. Weller - Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA
Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer
Robert Whitewood - Environm & Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
David N. Wiese - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Susan E. Wijffels - Atmos
Anne C. Wilber - Sci Syst & Appl Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA
Jeanette D. Wild - Predict
Kate M. Willett - Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England
Shem Willie - St Lucia Meteorol Serv, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
Josh K. Willis - Jet Propulsion Laboratory
G. Wolken - University of Alaska Fairbanks
Takmeng Wong - NASA Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA
E. F. Wood - Princeton University
R. Iestyn Woolway - University of Reading
B. Wouters - University of Bristol
Yan Xue - Predict
So-Young Yim - Korea Meteorol Adm, Seoul, South Korea
Xungang Yin - ERT
Lisan Yu - Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA USA
Eduardo Zambrano - Ctr Int Invest Fenomeno El Nino, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Huai-Min Zhang - NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA
Peiqun Zhang - Beijing Climate Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Guanguo Zhao - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Lin Zhao - Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst, Lanzhou, Peoples R China
Jerry R. Ziemke
Nathalie Zilberman - Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Publication Details: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol.98(8), pp.S1-S280
Identifiers: 9944224008331
Academic Unit: King Abdullah University of Science & Technology
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article