Abstract
Stem cell based therapies hold promise for the obstetrician and gynecologist. This article reviews the history of stem cells and some of their current applications in gynecology. Currently, mesenchymal and muscle-derived stem cells are being explored for the treatment of urinary and anal incontinence. Potential stem cell treatments include fistula repair, vaginal tissue engineering, and graft material enhancement. Published animal and human pilot studies demonstrate improved histologic and functional outcomes in those receiving stem cells. Transplanted cells may improve function by local engraftment, trophic factors, or modulation of inflammation. Further clinical and safety studies are needed before clinical application.