Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to get some insight concerning the effects of temperature and solvent acidity on the structure and stability of solvated VO2+ as the elementary chemical unit involved in the nucleation of vanadophosphates. First, because some recent theoretical studies have suggested a tendency of density functional theory (DFT) to favor lower coordination numbers for such systems, static calculations have been performed on [VO2(H2O)(4-n)]+*nH2O (n = 0−2) conformers at the MP2 and DFT level of theory, using two different combinations of basis sets. The results of two pure-GGA (BP86 and PBEPBE), two hybrid-GGA (PBE1PBE and mPWPW91), and two hybrid-meta-GGA (mPW1B95 and B1B95) functionals were analyzed on these systems. The comparison of the results indicates that the stability differences between the two methodologies are resolved when hydration energy is taken into account, provided that some amount of HF exchange is introduced in the DFT calculations. In a second step, Car−Parrinello simulations have been carried out starting from VO2(H2O)4+ surrounded by water molecules. The calculations at 300 K show the natural tendency of VO2(H2O)4+ to decompose to VO2(OH)2- and the requirements to work with an already acidified medium to be able to investigate the coordination sphere of VO2+ for an extended period of time. Under such conditions, we have obtained a clear preference for a five-coordinated vanadium. The molecular dynamics simulations performed at 500 K starting from hydrated VO2+ in a protonated medium found VO(OH)3 to be the most stable structure, whereas this ideal candidate for oxolation reactions is expected to be a very minor species at room temperature.