Abstract
In this work, bifunctional magnetic nano-catalyst was successfully derived from rice husk char doped with potassium oxide and nickel oxide by impregnation techniques, and their catalytic ability was tested via transesterification of used cooking oil (UCO). The catalyst was characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive x-ray analyzer (FESEM-EDX), and Vibrating sampling magnetometer (VSM) for magnetic properties. The optimized nanomagnetic bifunctional catalyst (RHC/K2O-20%/Ni-5%) had 3.014 mmol g−1& 4.485 mmol g−1 of acidity and basicity, respectively, with the magnetic strength was recorded at 2.312 emu g−1. For the catalytic evaluation, a maximum biodiesel yield of 98.2% was accomplished with 4 wt% of catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to UCO molar ratio at 65 °C within 2 h of reaction time. The catalyst was reused for up to 5 reaction cycles and producing 70% of biodiesel at the last cycles. The fuel properties of optimized biodiesel were measured using Biodiesel - American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D6751. Due to the magnetic properties of the catalyst, it was easily recovered by an external magnetic device and has the potential to improve the separation and purification processes.
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•The magnetic RHC/K2O-20%/Ni nano-catalysts was prepared for better separation process.•Catalysts magnetic strength were determined by using VSM (2.312 emu g-1).•The effect of operating parameters on biodiesel synthesis were studied.•The magnetic RHC/K2O-20%/Ni nano-catalysts could produce 98% biodiesel with 5 reaction cycles.