Abstract
The present study describes a template-free single step carbonization route to prepare hierarchically structured nitrogen-doped carbon materials (NCMs) by using an organic ionic dye (OID), ammonium purpurate (murexide). These NCMs exhibited moderate specific surface area (307 m(2) g(-1) for NCM(MDE)-900) and hierarchical macro/meso/microporous structures with abundant nitrogenous functionalities that contributed towards the high specific capacitance displayed by pseudocapacitive contribution. In particular, the NCM(MDE)-800 displayed superior specific capacitance (222 F g(-1) at 3 A g(-1)) and excellent cyclic stability of similar to 10 000 cycles at 10 A g(-1) in 1 M 1.0 M H2SO4(aq). The material prepared at higher temperature, viz. NCM(MDE)-900, exhibited high rate capability at 50 A g(-1), which is 92% of their specific capacitances at 10 A g(-1). Further systematic investigations of NCM(MDE)-800 in three different electrolytes, viz. 1.0 M H2SO4(aq), 6 M KOH(aq) and 0.5 M Na2SO4(aq), revealed that 1.0 M H2SO4(aq) is a promising electrolyte for achieving good specific capacitance, high capacitive retention and long term cyclic stability, which might have its origins in the formation of ionic interactions between the active protons in 1.0 M H2SO4(aq) and the alpha carbon atoms with Lewis basic character next to the nitrogen in these NCMs.