Abstract
Xanthomonas albilineans
produces a family of polyketide-peptide compounds called albicidins which are highly potent antibiotics and phytotoxins as a result of their inhibition of prokaryotic DNA replication. Here we show that albicidin is a potent inhibitor of the supercoiling activity of bacterial and plant DNA gyrases, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (40 to 50 nM) less than those of most coumarins and quinolones. Albicidin blocks the religation of the cleaved DNA intermediate during the gyrase catalytic sequence and also inhibits the relaxation of supercoiled DNA by gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Unlike the coumarins, albicidin does not inhibit the ATPase activity of gyrase. In contrast to the quinolones, the albicidin concentration required to stabilize the gyrase cleavage complex increases 100-fold in the absence of ATP. The slow peptide poisons microcin B17 and CcdB also access ATP-dependent conformations of gyrase to block religation, but in contrast to albicidin, they do not inhibit supercoiling under routine assay conditions. Some mutations in
gyrA
, known to confer high-level resistance to quinolones or CcdB, confer low-level resistance or hypersensitivity to albicidin in
Escherichia coli
. Within the albicidin biosynthesis region in
X. albilineans
is a gene encoding a pentapeptide repeat protein designated AlbG that binds to
E. coli
DNA gyrase and that confers a sixfold increase in the level of resistance to albicidin in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that DNA gyrase is the molecular target of albicidin and that
X. albilineans
encodes a gyrase-interacting protein for self-protection. The novel features of the gyrase-albicidin interaction indicate the potential for the development of new antibacterial drugs.