Abstract
The catalytic activity of secondary amines supported on mesoporous silica for the self-condensation of n-butanal to 2-ethylhexenal can be altered significantly by controlling the BrOnsted acidity of MOH species present on the surface of the support. In this study, MOH (M=Sn, Zr, Ti, and Al) groups were doped onto the surface of SBA-15, a mesoporous silica, prior to grafting secondary propyl amine groups on to the support surface. The catalytic activity was found to depend critically on the synthesis procedure, the nature and amount of metal species introduced and the spatial separation between the acidic sites and amine groups. DFT analysis of the reaction pathway indicates that, for weak BrOnsted acid groups, such as SiOH, the rate-limiting step is CC bond formation, whereas for stronger BrOnsted acid groups, such as Ti and Al, hydrolysis of iminium species produced upon CC bond formation is the rate-limiting step. Theoretical analysis shows further that the apparent activation energy decreases with increasing BrOnsted acidity of the MOH groups, consistent with experimental observation.