Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and explore the eco-friendly and antifungal potential of precocenes and their derivatives. The organic synthesis of the mono-O-alkyl-2,2-dimethyl 2H-1-chromene series, including the natural product precocene I, and the di-O-alkyl 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene series, including the natural 2H-1-chromenes precocenes II and III, was achieved. The synthetic compounds were subjected to spectroscopic analysis, (HNMR)-H-1,(CNMR)-C-13, and mass characterization. The antifungal activity of synthesized precocenes I, II, and III, as well as their synthetic intermediates, was evaluated by the poison food technique. Precocene II (EC50 106.8 mu g x mL(-1) and 4.94 mu g mL(-1)), and its regioisomers 7a (EC50 97.18 mu g x mL(-1) and 35.30 mu g x mL(-1)) and 7d (EC50 170.58 x mu g mL(-1)), exhibited strong fungitoxic activity against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctonia solani. Some of the novel chromenes, 11a and 11b, which had never been evaluated before, yielded stronger fungitoxic effects. Finally, docking simulations for compounds with promising fungitoxic activity were subjected to structure-activity relationship analyses against the polygalactouronases and voltage-dependent anion channels. Conclusively, precocenes and their regioisomers demonstrated promising fungitoxic activity; such compounds can be subjected to minor structural modifications to yield promising and novel fungicides.