Abstract
Propolis is a naturally produced resinous mixture the bees are secreted through collecting resin of plants, buds, and exudates. According to several studies, propolis possessed various properties, one of which known as immunomodulatory property. Immunomodulatory property can be assessed and observed through the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity properties of propolis. In Indonesia, Tetragonula sapiens (T. sapiens) from Sulawesi is considered as one of the most commercial and productive bees. Despite of their productivity and commerciality, they have never been tested for their immunomodulatory property. In order to explore their potential even further, this present study was aimed to observe the antiinflammatory and cytotoxicity properties of T. sapiens propolis from Sulawesi, Indonesia against RAW 264.7 cell lines. The cytotoxic assay of propolis against RAW264.7 cell lines was conducted using MTS assay. The anti-inflammatory properties were determined using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages cells to measure inhibitory activity of propolis on production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO). The cytotoxic test results showed that propolis extract concentration affected the cell in terms of increasing or decreasing the cell viability. The results of the anti-inflammatory test disclosed that propolis at 120 mg/mL had an anti-inflammatory property which was evidenced by TNF-alpha levels of 304.28 +/- 30.25 pg/mL, iNOS of 5.42 +/- 0.82 ng/mL, and NO 101.09 +/- 1.49 mmol/L. It can be concluded that the Indonesian propolis from T. sapiens possess anti-inflammatory properties related to the inhibition of NO production by macrophages. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).