Abstract
The formation of nanotubes on titanium is compared for anodizing under controlled voltage and controlled current in a fluoride/glycerol electrolyte. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and nuclear reaction analysis are employed to determine the film compositions. Film morphologies are examined by electron microscopy. The findings reveal films of approximate composition TiO2.0.15TiF(4) that probably also contain derivatives of glycerol. Controlled voltage conditions resulted in more uniform final nanotube dimensions, for a particular charge density, and the highest efficiency of film growth, with the charge of the titanium in the film representing similar to 48% of the charge passed during anodizing. Under current control, the efficiency decreased from similar to 40% to similar to 23% with increase of the current density from 0.1 to 0.5 mA cm(-2). Further, the thickness of the barrier layer was sometimes enhanced under current control, possibly due to a non-uniform current distribution and consequently elevated local temperature.