Abstract
We report a multispectroscopic, voltammetric and theoretical hybrid of QM/MM study of the interaction between double-stranded DNA containing both adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine alternating sequences and chloridazon (CHL) herbicide. The electrochemical behavior of CHL was studied by cyclic voltammetry on HMDE, and the interaction of ds-DNA with CHL was investigated by both cathodic differential pulse voltammetry (CDPV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and anodic differential pulse voltammetry (ADPV) at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The constant bonding of CHL-DNA complex that was obtained by UV/vis, CDPV and ADPV was 2.1 x 10(4), 5.1 x 10(4) and 2.6 x 10(4), respectively. The competition fluorescence studies revealed that the CH L quenches the fluorescence of DNA-ethidium bromide complex significantly and the apparent Stern-Volmer quenching constant has been estimated to be 1.71 x 10(4). Thermal denaturation study of DNA with CHL revealed the Delta T-m of 8.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., enthalpy (Delta H), entropy (Delta S degrees), and Gibbs free energy (Delta G) were 98.45 kJ mol(-1), 406.3 J mol(-1) and -22.627 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The ONIOM, based on the hybridization of QM/MM (DFT, 6.31++G(d,p)/UFF) methodology, was also performed using Gaussian 2003 package. The results revealed that the interaction is base sequence dependent, and the CHL has more interaction with ds-DNA via the GC base sequence. The results revealed that CHL may have an interaction with ds-DNA via the intercalation mode. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.