Abstract
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are increasingly playing a fundamental role in improving driving safety. However, VANETs in a sparse environment may add risk to driving safety. The probability of a low density of vehicles in a rural area at midnight is very high. Consequently, the packet will be lost due to the lack of other vehicles, and the arrival of the following vehicles in the accident area is unavoidable. To overcome this problem, VANET is integrated with Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The most challenging features of VANETs are their high mobility. This high mobility causes sensor nodes to consume most of their energy during communication with other nodes, leading to frequent network disconnectivity. With the evolution of VANET and WSN, the Store/Carry-Forward (SCF) paradigm has emerged as an exciting research area in the Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) to solve network disconnectivity. This paper proposes the Energy-Mobility-Connectivity aware routing protocol (EMCR) for a hybrid network of VANET-WSN. A comprehensive performance analysis that considers realistic propagation models and real city scenario traffic is performed in NS3. The simulation results show that the SCF mechanism is essential in the EMCR protocol to maximize the delivery ratio and minimize energy consumption and overhead.