Abstract
Beta (beta)-lactamases are the most important agents that confer drug resistance among gram-negative bacteria. Continuous mutations in beta-lactamases make them remarkably diverse. We carried out the transcriptome analysis of 10 beta-lactamase genes of Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), Metallo beta-lactamases (MBL), and AmpC beta-lactamases (ABL) in drug-resistant and sensitive diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) isolates obtained from children up to 5 years of age. Out of the 10 beta-lactamase genes, four belonged to ESBL (TEM, SHV, CTX, and OXA); three to MBL (NDM-1, IMP, and VIM); and three to ABL (ACT, DHA and CMY) class of genes. The different categories of DEC were estimated for beta-lactamases production using a set of conventional phenotypic tests, followed by detection of their messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The study revealed a direct correlation between mRNA expression of these genes and the presence of antibiotic resistance; also corroborated by mutation analysis of the AmpC promoter region. All the 10 beta-lactamase genes showed a significant increase in their expression levels in resistant isolates, compared to those of the sensitive isolates, indicating their possible role in the disease pathogenesis. Increase in mRNA expression of beta-lactamase genes, and thereby virulence, may be due to multifactorial parameters causing phenotypic as well as genotypic changes. Our study highlights the necessity of instantaneous detection of beta-lactamase gene expression to curb the overwhelming threat posed by emergence of drug resistance amongst the commensal E. coli strains in children from developing countries for larger public health interest.