Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem globally. The management of carbohydrate digestion provides an alternative treatment. Flavonoids constitute the largest group of polyphenolic compounds, produced by plants widely consumed as food and/or used for therapeutic purposes. As such, isoxazoles have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists by dint of their considerable bioactivity. Thus, the main goal of this work was to discover new hybrid molecules with properties of both flavonoids and isoxazoles in order to control carbohydrate digestion. Moreover, the trifluoromethyl group is a key entity in drug development, due to its strong lipophilicity and metabolic stability. Therefore, the present work describes the condensation of a previously synthesized trifluoromethylated flavonol with different aryl nitrile oxides, affording 13 hybrid molecules indicated as trifluoromethylated flavonoid-based isoxazoles. The structures of the obtained compounds were deduced from by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and HRMS analysis. The 15 newly synthesized compounds inhibited the activity of alpha-amylase with an efficacy ranging from 64.5 +/- 0.7% to 94.7 +/- 1.2% at a concentration of 50 mu M, and with IC50 values of 12.6 +/- 0.2 mu M-27.6 +/- 1.1 mu M. The most effective compounds in terms of efficacy and potency were 3b, 3h, 3j, and 3m. Among the new trifluoromethylated flavonoid-based isoxazoles, the compound 3b was the most effective inhibitor of alpha-amylase activity (PI = 94.7 +/- 1.2% at 50 mu M), with a potency (IC50 = 12.6 +/- 0.2 mu M) similar to that of the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 12.4 +/- 0.1 mu M). The study of the structure-activity relationship based on the molecular docking analysis showed a low binding energy, a correct mode of interaction in the active pocket of the target enzyme, and an ability to interact with the key residues of glycosidic cleavage (GLU-230 and ASP-206), explaining the inhibitory effects of alpha-amylase established by several derivatives.