Abstract
An active electrochemical sensor for screening adrenaline (AD) in human fluid samples and pharmaceutical drugs is needed in clinical investigations and drug quality. The synthesis of sulfur-doped carbon microspheres (S-CMS) and irregular-edge carbon stacked sheet (S-CSS) structure was controlled based on the green synthesis of biomasses (i.e., lactose). The S-CSS intrinsic features of rough surface texture and stacked sheets with irregular edges were illustrated using various characterization techniques. The S-CSS was constructed with irregular edges around the stacked round sheets with a size range of 70-100 nm and a rough outer surface with ridged ends. The sulfur doping of S-CSS associated with a nanoporous network, and the high surface area ascertained a highly active transducing element for sensitive and selective electrode surface design. The designed electrode func-tionality and composition provide high electron/molecular diffusion and enhanced the electrode affinity and sensitivity. Therefore, the S-CSS-based sensor exhibited a fast charge transport surface, highly efficient elec-trocatalytic properties, and functionalized surfaces with numerous active centers for binding/sensing AD mol-ecules. The S-CSS-based sensor exhibited a wide detection range (0.05-1.45 mu M) and detection limit of 0.005 mu M. AD-concentrations in blood samples and in pharmaceutical products have been tested using our designed elec-trode of S-CSS and obtained high selectivity and recovery of 102%. Thus, the S-CSS can be used to monitor AD in pharmaceutical drugs and human blood serum with fast response and using highly economic materials at extremely low concentrations.