Abstract
Imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) is broadly utilized in veterinary medicine as an antimicrobial to cure many illnesses, particularly anaplasmosis in livestock. Consequently, the rapid determination of IMD residues in edible bovine food samples is of high significance to guarantee food safety. In the meantime, the environmental influences must be considered to reduce the hazardous impacts of control laboratories. Modifying micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), generated utilizing choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG), was successfully applied to determine imidocarb (IMD) residues in bovine food samples including meat, liver, kidney, and milk. An experimental design approach was employed for multivariate optimization of important mobile phase factors comprising the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in mole L-1, and the percentage volumes of NADES, and ethanol (EtOH). The optimal sustainable mobile phase composition was conquered through the Box Behnken design (BBD) optimization approach considering chromatographic peak height, and peak width at 50% of its height (W 50%) as influential responses. The optimal composition of the modified micellar mobile phase was found to be 0.075 M aqueous SDS solution with Ethanol and NADES in the ratio (40:50:10) with pH adjusted to 4.0 using 0.2 M acetic acid solution. At this optimal composition, IMD was efficiently eluted within 0.8 min when the flow rate was 1 mL/min with no interference by endogenous components and proteins in bovine food samples. Pretreatment of food samples was performed by extracting with an aqueous solution of SDS surfactant only. No organic solvent was required during the extraction step. To validate the presented methodology, the regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for bioanalytical analysis were applied. The greenness of the proposed method was estimated utilizing three measures involving the Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI), the Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE), and the modern White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) assessment tool. Using these tools, a comparative study was conducted between the proposed method and previously reported liquid chromatographic methods. The proposed method was found to be the most sustainable.