Abstract
Water contamination by toxic organic pollutants remains a serious public health problem for humans due to their long-lasting effects, so attention on specific methods and technologies to remove organic pollutants from waste water is desired. Numerous methods and photocatalysts are reported for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, BiVO
4
/Bi
2
WO
6
@polyaniline nanostructures were prepared successfully through facile wet chemical co-precipitation method and in sequence deposited over the BiVO
4
surface for the first time. The surface morphology of synthesized photocatalysts was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and structural properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The addition of polyaniline and Bi
2
WO
6
into BiVO
4
shifted the characteristic peaks of BiVO
4
towards lower 2
θ
angle which is clear evidence of doping of these elements into BiVO
4
structure under these conditions. In addition, the crystallite size of BiVO
4
was also decreased due to incorporation of doping elements. Compared with pure BiVO
4
, hybrid photocatalysts exhibit higher photocatalytic activity and stability for degradation of phenol and ciprofloxacin under visible-light irradiation. When the effect of PANI in BiVO
4
–Bi
2
WO
6
was examined, 1% PANI/BiVO
4
–Bi
2
WO
6
heterojunction exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance. The degradation efficiency for phenol was 98% and 99% for ciprofloxacin at 90 min and this value was about seven times and three times higher than as compared to pure BiVO
4
and BiVO
4
–Bi
2
WO
6
, respectively. The obviously improved photocatalytic performance of BiVO
4
–Bi
2
WO
6
/PANI composite was mainly ascribed to unique hierarchical structures, harvesting extended region of visible light, higher surface area, higher crystallinity, electronic transmission and narrow band gap, which significantly enriched the adsorption capacity and accordingly facilitated the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. The current findings may provide new insights into the employment of hybrid photocatalysts and improving the photocatalytic activity to address energy and environmental issues.