Abstract
Virtual water consumption accounting for an entire building construction engineering project including nine sub-projects is presented in this study to reveal the full picture of water consumption in building construction engineering. With the most comprehensive first-hand project data, this study is the first attempt to quantify a whole engineering project's virtual water consumption to the best of our knowledge. As numerous works have been undertaken for on-site water conservation in buildings, further efforts should be devoted to assessing water embodied in the construction process and intermediate material inputs. This research selects the construction engineering of a cluster of landmark commercial buildings in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area as a case study and derives more than 1000 items of first-hand project data from the Bill of Quantities. Based on the standard building construction classification, the total virtual water consumption of the nine sub-projects is quantified as 1.92E+06 m(3), almost 24 times as much as the on-site water consumption. As the dominant sub-project, Structure and outside decoration engineering contributes more than half of the total water consumption. Fully considering the direct and indirect water embodied in the construction engineering, building materials, in particular steel, cement, lime, and metal products, contribute to more than 3/4 the total water consumption. As the virtual water consumption of China's annual increased building areas reaches 1/4 the direct national water consumption, both direct and indirect water consumed in the process of building construction should gain full attention. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.